RPSC ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SANSKRIT COLLEGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT PAPER 1 HELD ON 14-09-2024

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Read the following poem and answer the questions (1-10) that follow by choosing the given options.

I who am dead a thousand years, And wrote this sweet archaic song. Send you my words for messengers The way I shall not pass along.

I care not if you bridge the seas, Or ride secure the cruel spy, Or build consummate palaces Of metal or of masonry

But have you wine and music still And statues and a bright-eyed love, And foolish thoughts of good and ill. And prayers to them who sit above?

How shall we conquer? Like a wind That falls at eve our fancies blow, And old Maeonides the blind Said it three thousand years-ago.

O friend unseen, unborn, unknown; Student of our sweet English tongue, Read out my words at night, alone: I was a poet, I was young.

Since I can never see your face, And never shake you by the hand, I send my soul through time and space To greet you. You will understand.

1. Who is the messenger of the poet?

   (1) His friend

   (2) His poem

   (3) Maeonides

   (4) The wind

Ans. (2) His poem

2. Why does the poet call the poem "an archaic song'"

(1) Because he presumes to live for a thousand years.

(2) Because his poem is a classical piece.

(3) Because he imagines that the poem will be received by the readers a thousand years hence.

(4) Because he is an old man.

Ans. (3) Because he imagines that the poem will be received by the readers a thousand years hence.

3. The fourth stanza reflects on the idea-

(1) of vanquishing others in wars.

(2) of the fleeting nature of reality.

(3) whether humankind sustains the ideas put forth by maeonides.

(4)whether human race blindly follows the dead old traditions.

Ans. (3) whether humankind sustains the ideas put forth by maeonides.

4. And prayers to them who sit above?" (line 12) Who is 'them' referred to in the above lines?

(1) Gods and Goddesses

(2) Kings

(3) Prophets

(4) Saints

Ans. (1) Gods and Goddesses

5."Cruel Sky'. Choose the literary device used in the phrase

(1) Chiasmus:

(2) Anti-thesis

(3) Synecdoche

(4) Personification

Ans. (4) Personification

6. With whom does the poet compare himself?

(1) Maeonides

(2) Fierce wind

(3) Unseen friend

(4) Student of English tongue

Ans. (1) Maeonides

7. "But have you wine and music still And statues and a bright-eyed love". (lines 9-10) In the above lines the poet -

(1) is pained at the frivolous merry - making of youth.

(2,) is bothered about the physical aspect of life.

(3) wonders if the aesthetic aspects of life have endured.

(4) wishes to do away with wine, music and love.

Ans. (3) wonders if the aesthetic aspects of life have endured.

8. Find out the synonym of.the word ' Consummate' from the given options.

(1) Cumbersome

(2) Obtrusive

(3) Faultless

(4) Mighty

Ans. (3) Faultless

9. "I send,my soul through time and space" The above line expresses:

(1) Ephemeral nature of poet's words.

(2) The mortality of the poet

(3) Condescending attitude of the poet.

(4) Reaching out to future readers.

Ans. (4) Reaching out to future readers.

10. The poet in the poem concerns himself-

(1) with the progress in understanding the meaning of life.

(2) with the physical constructs of the world.

(3) with the technological advancements.

(4) with the need of vanquishing others.

Ans. (1) with the progress in understanding the meaning of life.

11. The basic sentence pattern of the following sentence is - The children left the little puppy on the road.

(1)SVOA

(3) SVOO

(2) SVOC

(4) SVC

Ans. (1) S V O A

The children- Subject

Left - Verb

the little puppy - Object

On the road- Adverbial

12. Change into a compound sentence.

He ate a fungus by mistake which made him sick.

(1) Sick he was made by a fungus which he ate.

(2) Eating a fungus by mistake he was made sick.

(3) He ate a fungus by mistake and it made him sick.

(4) By mistaking a fungus for food he was made sick.

Ans. (3) He ate a fungus by mistake and it made him sick.

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (like "and," "but," or "or") or a semicolon. Each independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence, and joining them creates a more complex and sophisticated sentence structure.  

13. Choose the grammatically correct sequence of tenses and mark the sentence which is incorrect.

(1) Have you been waiting long?

(2) Only have I had known, I wouldn't had waited.

(3) What have you been doing lately?

(4) You've been playing on the computer since Seven O'clock.

Ans. (2) Only have I had known, I wouldn't had waited.

14. Change into a compound sentence - He is a man of integrity whom we all respect.
(1) Being a man of integrity we all respect him.

(2) He is a man of integrity and we all respect him.

(3) To integrate all being his virtue he is respected.

(4) He is integrative though we all respect him.

Ans. (2) He is a man of integrity and we all respect him.

15. Tick the correct option for the given blanks -

She had... ...covered a couple of Kilometres .. ....her car broke down.

(1) so, that

(2) but also, only

(3) as, when

(4) hardly, when

Ans. (4) hardly, when

16. Fill in the blank with the correct modal.

You... ..to indulge in plagiarism.

(1) nay n't

(2) shant not

(3) used not

(4) ought not

Ans. (4) ought not

17. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of tense -

In the evenings, I often play chess with my next door neighbour ......... (play) chess with him ever since I..........(come) to live here ten years ago. \

(1) had played; come

(2) have played; came

(3) will play; will came

(4) play; come

Ans. (2) have played; came

18. Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb in agreement with its subject. .

The captain, as well as the other players... ... tired.

(1) was

(2) are

(3) have

(4). were

Ans. (1) was

19. Fill in the blank with correct preposition given below- UAE stands.........United Arab Emirates.

(1) for

(2) with

(3) about

(4) in

Ans. (1) for

20. Change into a complex sentence by joining the two simple sentences - I worked hard. She was never satisfied.

(1) I worked hard than she was not satisfied.

(2) Working hard by me never was she satisfied.

(3) However hard I worked she was never satisfied.

(4) I worked hard but she was never satisfied.

Ans. (3) However hard I worked she was never satisfied.

21. Identify the structure pattern of the sentence given below from the options. He could neither help Ramesh nor me.

(1) Simple

(2) Complex

(3) Compound

(4) Complex-Compound

Ans. (3) Compound

22. Which of the following idiom means 'make peace'?
(1) To bury the hatchet

(2) Take up the cudgels

(3) To talk shop

(4) To break the ice

Ans. (1) To bury the hatchet

23. Fil in the blank with the correct tense. He.... .., and will now have to look for another job.

(1) will be resigned

(2) has resigned

(3) has been resigned

(4) would resign

Ans. (2) has resigned

24. F ill in the blank with the correct form of verb. You had better turn that music down before your mother.. ..angry.

(1) gets

(2) got

(3) get

(4) had gotten

Ans. (1) gets

25. Fill in the blank with the correct tense form. The jury.. ....the prisoner guilty.

(1) founded

(2) fined

(3) found

(4) finded

Ans. (3) found

26. When the new Professor joined the English department in 2018, Professor Das... .....there for five years.

(1) had already been teaching

(2) has already taught

(3) has already been teaching

(4) will already teach

Ans. (1) had already been teaching

27.Fill in the blank with the correct phrasal verb. You were... ... be a teacher.

(1) cut out

(2)cut down

(3) cut off

(4) cut up

Ans. (1) cut out

28.Fill in the blanks with correct set of articles from the given options .... great deal of illness originates in... ………… the mind.

(1) The, the

(2) A, zero

(3) The, a

(4) a, the

Ans. (4) a, the

29. Change the following sentence into passive- The members of the jury choose Falosity to be crowned the queen of the carnival.

(1) Falosity was chosen to be crowned to be the queen of carnival by the member of the jury.

(2) Falosity was crowned in the carnival by the queen and the member of the jury.

(3) Crowning of Falosity on the queen of carnival was done by the member of jury

(4). Crowned to be the queen of the carnival by the member of the jury Falosity was choosed.

Ans. (1) Falosity was chosen to be crowned to be the queen of carnival by the member of the jury.

30. Choose the correct determiner to fill in the blank. ……..monkey in man still survives.

(1) Litlle

(2) The

(3) Any

(4) A

Ans. (2) The

31. Fill in the blank with the grammatically correct option. He thanked me for what I...

(1) done

(2) doing

(3) have done

(4) have did

Ans. (3) have done

32. The sentence pattern of the following sentence is- Your memory's at fault.

(i) S V O

(2) S V C (Adverbial)

(3) S V A O

(4) S V

Ans. (2) S V C (Adverbial)

33. Fill in the blank with suitable idiom -

His letter to the newspaper about racialism in schools has………………… . (excited the hostility or adverse criticism of a large number of people)

(1) stirred up a hornet's nest

(2) made his mark

(3) buried the hatchet

(4) put his foot down

Ans. (1) stirred up a hornet's nest

34. Fill in the blank space with correct modal auxiliary from the options. I wish people.. .. not talk so much.

(1) would

(2) can

(3) need

(4) shall

Ans. (1) would

35. Fill in the blank with the correct determiner.

He was tall... ....t○ reach the shelf.

(1) too

(2) quite

(3) much

(4) enough

Ans. (4) enough

36. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition.

He was overwhelmed.. ....grief.

(1) with

(2) in

(3) by

(4) of

Ans. (1) with

37. Fill in the blank by choosing appropriate question tag from the options given below. See that she gets safely back,.. ...?

(1) isn't she

(2) does she

(3) won't you

(4) will you

Ans. (3) won't you

38. Choose the grammatically correct statement from the options.

(1) That was the most delicious meal that I've ever eaten.

(2) The steak is the most expensive than the fish.

(3) This restaurant is nice than Pizza House.

(4) Michael Jackson is one of the more famous pop singers ever.

Ans. (1) That was the most delicious meal that I've ever eaten.

39. Select the option that expresses the given sentence in passive voice.

They saw a flower fall.

(1) A flower was seen to fall.

(2) A flower had been seen falling.

(3) A flower was seen to be fallen.

(4) A flower had been seen to fall.

Ans. (1) A flower was seen to fall.

40. I can no longer……………..with her insolence. (tolerate)

(1) put up with

(2) put off

(3) put down

(4) put out with

Ans. (1) put up with

SPOTTING ERRORS- (Question no. 41 to 55)

41. In which one of the following sentences, the use of tense is NOT Correct?

(1) He had been ill for two days when the doctor was sent for.

(2) He will write to his friend before he went to school.

(3) The rain had stopped when she arrived.

(4) Ihad done my work when my friend came to see me.

Ans. (2) He will write to his friend before he went to school.

42. In which one of the following tenses, there is an error? (of tense)-

(1) I have not written the letter yet.

(2) The old man died of cold 1ast night.

(3) The boy did not reply when called.

(4) The boy had not replied when called.

Ans. (4) The boy had not replied when called.

43. Fill in the blank with the correct modal.

The money has disappeared who...........have taken it?

(1) could

(2) shall

(3) will

(4) can't

Ans. (1) could

44. Yesterday the children went. …………..a walk and didn't get back .…….. ..10p.m.

(1)'to; since

(2) at; in

(3) for; till

(4) on; at

Ans. (3) for; till

45. Which one of the following sentences is correct?

(1) Every of the boys was given a fountain pen.

(2) Each of the boys were given a fountain pen.

(3) Each of the boys was given a fountain pen.

(4) Many of the boys was given a fountain pen.

Ans. (3) Each of the boys was given a fountain pen.

46. Which one of the following sentences has errors? (of articles)-

(1) I bought a dozen oranges.

(2) Everest is the highest peak in the world.

(3) The fog was so thick that we couldn't see the side of the road,

(4) A bird in hand is worth to in the bush.

Ans. (4) A bird in hand is worth to in the bush.

47. In which one of the following sentences, the use of "modals' is NOT correct?

(1) He must have reached home by this time.

(2 ) You must be hungry after a long walk.

(3) We shall sing and dance.

(4) We can obey the laws of the country.

Ans. (4) We can obey the laws of the country.

48. Fill in the blank with a modal that expresses occasional possibility. Sometimes he .... be very unreasonable.

(1) ought

(2) need

(3) could

(4) must

Ans. (3) could

49. Choose the correct phrasal verb for the given blank. She thinks her neighbours on her a bit because she's never been abroad.

(1) look up

(2) look down

(3) look for

(4) look round

Ans. (2) look down

50. Fill in the blank with the-correct preposition. He would think it .……………….. him to tell a lie.

(1) beneath

(2) above

(3) beside

(4) under

Ans. (1) beneath

51. Which one of the following sentences has an error? (of tense)-

(1) She has written letters for sometime before the postman came.

(2) Had he not been misappropriating funds for a long time before he was dismissed?

(3) She had been working in this office for two years before her father returned from America.

(4) Had the students been talking for fifteen minutes when the teacher came?

Ans. (1) She has written letters for sometime before the postman came.

52. In which one of the following sentences, the use of 'may' is NOT correct? (concept expressed...............PURPOSE)

(1) Obey your parents so that you may prosper in life.

(2) May you prosper in all that you do!

(3) Use fertilizers so that you may have a rich harvest

(4) Bat that you may live: don't live that you may eat.

Ans. (2) May you prosper in all that you do!

53. Identify the sentence with an erroneous use of determiner in the following sentences.

(1) He has hardly any money.

(2) All I ask for is the little help from you.

(3) He has to take medicine every four hours.

(4 ) Any option is feasible.

Ans. (2) All I ask for is the little help from you.

54. Which one of this following sentences is NOT correct? (the use of modals) -

(1) The weather has been excellent, so we may expect a good harvest

(2) He can speak German well, when he was young, but he has forgotten most of it now.

(3) I can out do every competitor.

(4) A plan of the new housing estate may be seen at the offices of the town council.

Ans. (2) He can speak German well, when he was young, but he has forgotten most of it now.

55. The correct meaning of the underlined Idiom is- I expect he will come round within a week.

(1) Recover

(2) Quarrel

(3) Agreed ,

(4) Get his dues

Ans. (1) Recover

Identify the sentence pattern of the following sentences and choose the correct option that follow. (Q.no. 56-58) Choose the correct sentence patterri for the following sentence-

56. The trouble is that we are short of money.

(1) SVAA

(2) SVOA

(3) SVC

(4) SVO

Ans. (3) SVC

57. Choose the correct sentence pattern for the sentence given -

I explained to him the impossibility of granting his request.

(1) SVOC

(2) SVAA

(3) SVOA

(4) SVOO

Ans. (4) SVOO

58. .The governor set the prisoner free.

(1) SVOO

(2) SVA

(3) SVOC

(4) SVOAA

Ans. (3) SVOC

59. The hostages were made to lie down (by the terrorists). (Passive.voice) Change the given sentence ipto active voice.

(1) The terrorists asked the hostages to lie down.

(2) The terrorists made the hostages lie down.

(3) The hostages were laid down by the terrorists.

(4) The hostages were asked to lie down (by the terrorists).

Ans. (2) The terrorists made the hostages lie down.

60. Convert the following sentence into simple sentence and choose the right option. If I make a promise, I keep it.

(1) I make a promise only to keep it.

(2) When I make à promise, I keep it.

(3) I make a promise and I keep it.

(4) I make a promise so that I keep it.

Ans. (1) I make a promise only to keep it.

61. Change the following sentence into passive voice. They say he is a dacoit.

(1) He was Said to have been a dacoit.

(2) He is said to have been a dacoit.

(3) He is 'said to be a dacoit.

(4) He was said to be a dacoit.

Ans. (3) He is 'said to be a dacoit.

62. Transform the given sentence into complex sentence and choose the correct option. The boy was too weak to walk.

(1) The boy was very weak and so he could not walk.

(2) He was weak enough to walk.

(3) The boy was so weak that he could not walk.

(4) The boy was weak therefore he could not walk

Ans. (3) The boy was so weak that he could not walk.

63. Convert the following sentence into compound sentence and choose the right option - Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret it.

(1) Do as I tell you, or you will regret it.

(2) When you do what I tell you and you will regret it.

(3) If you don't do what I tell, you will regret it.

(4) Without doing what I tell, you will regret it.

Ans. (1) Do as I tell you, or you will regret it.

64. Select the option that expresses the following sentence in active voice, We were alarmed at the news.

(1) The news alarmed us.

(2) The news had alarmed at us.

(3) The news has alarmed us.

(4) The news alarm us.

Ans. (1) The news alarmed us.

Direction: Change the sentences as directed (65-70) and choose the correct option that follow.

65. Only a stupid person would do this. (Change into negative statement) .

(1) No stupid person would do this.

(2) None but a stupid person would do this.

(3) A stupid person would not do this.

(4) A stupid person does not do this.

Ans. (2) None but a stupid person would do this.

66. Change the following direct speech into indirect speech and choose the correct answer from the given options - She says, "I am happy to be here this evening."

(1) She says she is happy to be here this evening.

(2) She said she is happy to be here this evening.

(3) She said she was happy to be there that evening.

(4) She says she was happy to be there that evening.

Ans. (1) She says she is happy to be here this evening.

67. 'Do you know when he will buy a car? I said to her. (Change into indirect speech)

(1) I asked her when he would buy a car.

(2) I asked her if he had known when he would buy a car.

(3) I asked her if he know when she would buy a car.

(4) I asked her if she knew when he would buy a car.

Ans. (4) I asked her if she knew when he would buy a car.

68. Do you like my new dress? Convert the question into negative interrogative and choose the correct option(s).

(1) Why don't you like my new dress?

(2) Can't you like my new dress?

(3) Didn't you liked my new dress?

(4) Don't you like my new dress?

Ans. (4) Don't you like my new dress?

69. My friend welcomed us. (Change into direct speech)

(1) My friend said to welcome us.

(2) I welcomed you', said my friend.

(3) My friend said, 'Welcomel"

(4) My friend said, 'We are` welcome.'

Ans. (3) My friend said, 'Welcomel"

70. She has enough money. (Change into interrogative sentence)

(1) Does she have enough money?

(2) Has she have enough money?

(3) Does she has enough money?

(4) Do she has enough money?

Ans. (1) Does she have enough money?

71. Who proposed a "genealogical" or "archaeological" analysis of discourse?

(1) Guattari (2) Barthes

(3) Lacan (4) Foucault

Ans. (4) Foucault

The archaeology of knowledge is the analytical method that Foucault used in Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (1961), The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (1963), and The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1966). . This approach focuses on how discourses are formed and transformed over time, examining the historical and social conditions that govern what can be said, how it can be said, and who can say it.

72, According to Elaine Showalter the subjects of ………....... are. "the history, styles, themes, genres and structures of writing by women...

and

(1) gynocriticism (2) misandry

(3) phallocentrisn (4) kyriarchy

Ans. (1) gynocriticism

Elaine Showalter coined the term "gynocriticism" in her 1979 essay "Toward a Feminist Poetics" to describe a feminist literary criticism that focuses on women as writers. It is a female-centric approach that aims to create a female framework for analyzing literature by studying women's writing, themes, language, and literary history, distinct from "feminist critique" which focuses on how women are depicted in texts written by men

73. Who cast New Historicism as "an empirical means of representation rather than a dogmatic theory?"

(1) D.G. Myers and Patricia Waugh (2) Camille Paglia and Neema Parvini

(3) Stephen Greenblatt and Catherine Gallagher (4) Clifford Geertz and Michel Foucault

Ans. (3) Stephen Greenblatt and Catherine Gallagher

In Practicing New Historicism (2000), Greenblatt and coauthor Catherine Gallagher mounted a rigorous defense of New Historicism in response to charges that it lacked definition, casting it as an empirical means of interpretation rather than a dogmatic theory.

74. Dryden's "A Discourse concerning the original and progress of satire" was published as a preface to the translation of -

(1) Ovid and Catullus (2) Horace and Virgil

(3) The satires of Juvenal (4) Homer and Hesiod

Ans. (3) The satires of Juvenal

A Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire is a significant work of literary criticism by the English poet John Dryden. Published in 1693, it was originally intended as the preface to a translation of the works of the Roman satirists Juvenal and Persius. The essay details Dryden's views on the nature, function, and history of satire, making a key contribution to the field of neoclassical literary theory. 

75. While earlier critics expressed their concern for the ‘writer’ Joseph Addison's concern was for the ‘reader` as to-

(1) Provide the reader understanding of literature at Clubs & Pubs.

(2) Provide the readers an opportunity to meet great masters at coffee houses.

(3) What books he should like and how he should like them.

(4) Facilitate the readers with moving Libraries near the coffee houses.

Ans. (3) What books he should like and how he should like them.

Addison and his collaborator Richard Steele implemented this reader-focused approach through their influential periodicals, The Tatler and The Spectator. Joseph Addison shifted the focus of literary criticism from the writer to the reader, aiming to educate and improve the tastes of the new, rising middle class

76. Who among the following poets belonged to "Pre-Raphaelite Movement” Who believed in L'art pour L'art'?

Choose the correct option from the following -

(a) D.G. Rossetti (b) Edward Burne-Jones

(c) A.C. Swinburne (d) William Morris

1. a,b and d 2. a and b

   3. a, b and c 4. a and c

   Ans. 3. a, b and c

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB), later known as the Pre-Raphaelites, was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner who formed a seven-member "Brotherhood" partly modelled on the Nazarene movement. The group sought a return to the abundant detail, intense colours and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art. They rejected what they regarded as the mechanistic approach first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite.

77. Who coined the term 'ecriture feminine" and in which work?

(1) Hélène Cixous in "The Laugh of Medusa""

(2) Simone de Beauvoir in "The Second Sex"

(3) Kate Millet in "Sexual Politics."

(4) Virginia Woolf in "The Three Guineas"

Ans. (1) Hélène Cixous in "The Laugh of Medusa""

Écriture féminine is a French feminist concept referring to a style of writing that expresses the female body, sexuality, and experience, coined by Hélène Cixous in her 1975 essay "The Laugh of the Medusa". This style is seen as fluid, non-linear, and challenging of patriarchal language, often incorporating disruptions, silences, and a connection to the pre-linguistic "voice of the mother". It prioritizes the fluidity of female experience over the rigid logic of traditional, masculine-coded discourse

78. Which critical theory argues that literature is not a timeless reflection of universal truths but rather a product of historical and cultural contexts in which it was, produced?

(1) Structuralism (2) New Historicism

(3) Deconstruction (4) New Criticism

Ans. (2) New Historicism

New Historicism is a literary theory that analyzes a text by considering its cultural and historical context, viewing literature and history as mutually informing and interconnected. It originated in the 1980s, partly as a reaction to text-focused criticism, and emphasizes that literature is a product of its specific time, rather than an isolated work with universal themes. Key figures include Stephen Jay Greenblatt and influences include the work of Michel Foucault. 

79. Derrida uses the term "Phonocentrism" to describe

(1) the privileging of speech over writing

(2) difference and differment

(3) the privileging of writing over speech

(4) the centre

Ans. (1) the privileging of speech over writing

Phonocentrism, according to Jacques Derrida, is the philosophical bias that privileges speech over writing, viewing spoken language as more authentic and closer to truth. Derrida critiques this Western tradition, arguing that it wrongly equates the immediacy of sound with presence and truth.

80. Who has developed the thesis and in which book that language is 'masculine' and the female writer is seen as suffering the handicap of having to use a medium fashioned for male purposes?

(1) Hélène Cixous, The Laugh of the Medusa

(2) Elaine Showalter Ecriture Feminine

(3) Dale Spender Man Made Language

(4) Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar "Sexual Linguistics; Gender and Sexuality Language

Ans. (3) Dale Spender Man Made Language

Man Made Language is a 1980 book by Australian feminist writer Dale Spender. Dale Spender argues that language is created by men — historically and culturally — and therefore reflects male dominance in society.Her central claim is that: “Language helps to construct reality — and men have been the ones constructing it.” So, language is not neutral; it has been “man-made” to express male experiences, values, and perspectives, while silencing or marginalizing women’s voices.

81. According to Lacan, before the self emerges the young child exists in a realm called the Imaginary, in which there is no distinction between the self and the other; then between six months and eighteen months comes the………….....when the child conceives of itself as separate from the world.

(1) dream stage (2) Oedipal stage

(3) id stage (4) mirror-stage

Ans. (4) mirror-stage

Jacques Lacan described the human psyche as being structured around three interdependent registers rather than distinct developmental stages: the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real. The Imaginary is the realm of images, illusions, and identifications, emerging during the mirror stage (6–18 months) where a child first identifies with an external image of a whole self. The Symbolic is the order of language, culture, and social norms, which structures experience and subjectivity. The Real is the unmediated, ineffable part of experience that resists symbolization

82. In his ""Discoveries", Ben Jonson's approach to plot in drama was characterized by -

(1) adherence to the unities of time, place and action (2) emphasis on the absurd and irrational

(3) deep psychological complexity (4) distinction between single & multi-plots

Ans. (1) adherence to the unities of time, place and action

Ben Jonson strongly supported the classical unities of time, place, and action, believing they were essential for dramatic realism and discipline. He meticulously followed these rules, which dictated that a play should have a single, cohesive plot (unity of action) ), take place within a single location (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒) ), and unfold within a 24-hour period (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒). This approach is evident in plays like Volpone and The Alchemist, where the action is confined to a single setting over a single day. 

83. "Organic form', the concept promoted by S.T. Coleridge in early 19" century, argues that -

(a) in an artistic work, the whole is more than the mere sum of its component parts.

(b) 'form' and 'content fuse indivisibly in an organic unity.

(c) it tends to be hostile to the conceptions of genre and convention.

(d) it combines, usually, contradictory terms, which are yoked-together by force. Choose the perfect option on the reading of the above statements -

(1) a, b and c (2) a and b

(3) a and d (4) a and c

Ans. (1) a, b and c

84. Which one the following pairs refers to language as a set of impersonal rules and conventions; and language actually manifested and concretized?

(1) Synchrony and Diachrony (2) Signified and Signifier

(3) Langue and Parole (4) Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic

Ans. (3) Langue and Parole

Langue and parole are linguistic concepts introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure: Langue is the abstract, systematic rules of a language (like grammar), while parole is the actual, concrete use of that language in individual speech acts. Langue is social and stable, whereas parole is individual, dynamic, and momentary. 

85. Lord Byron wrote in his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers- "I shall publish, right or wrong Fools are my theme, let Satire be my song" Which two great Romantic Poets did he lampooned, describing their poetry as “Simple" and “turgid"?

(1) Wordsworth and Coleridge

(2) Keats and Shelley

(3) Welter Scott and Robert Southey

(4) Blake and Burns ‘

Ans. (1) Wordsworth and Coleridge

yron was highly critical of Wordsworth and Coleridge, viewing them as overly conservative and their poetry as sometimes obscure or overly simplistic. He mocked Wordsworth with the nickname "Turdsworth" and criticized Coleridge as a poet for being drunk. While Byron had a complex relationship with Coleridge, including some admiration and a period of cordiality, their relationship soured due to his animosity toward Coleridge's friend, Robert Southey.  

86. Which of the following statement regarding ' Descartes' is Not correct?

(1) He is universally acknowledged as one of the chief architects of modernity.

(2) He was an inspiration for the famous Dutch mathematician Isaac Beeckman.

(3) He was educated by the Jesuits and received a firm grounding in Scholastic philosophy.

(4) His intellectual autobiography is notable for its rejection of post authority and preconceived opinion.

Ans. (2) He was an inspiration for the famous Dutch mathematician Isaac Beeckman.

87. The two chronologically distinct types of colonialism as pointed out by Ashis Nandy are-

(1) the Occidental and the Oriental

(2) the African and the Asian

(3) pre-colonial and the post-colonial

(4) physical conquest of territories and mental, cultural conquest/colonization

Ans. (4) physical conquest of territories and mental, cultural conquest/colonization

The Intimate Enemy (1983) accounts for two chronologically distinct types or genres of colonialism. The first was relatively simple–minded in its focus on the physical conquest of territories, whereas the second was more insidious in its commitment to the conquest and occupation of minds, selves, cultures. If the first bandit – mode of colonialism was more violent, it was also transparent in its self – interest, greed and capacity. By contrast, and somewhat more confusingly, the second was pioneered by rationalists, modernists and liberals who argued that imperialism was really the messianic harbinger of civilization to the uncivilized world.

88. "The ..........is that proper placing of things in such a manner that it is perfect to arouse Rasa and to avoid certain things that are not suitable to provoke Rasa'" Fill in the blank choosing appropriate option to fill in the blank above -

(1) Anukaran (2) Auchitya

(3) Dhvani (4) Sparsh

Ans. (2) Auchitya

It means justification, propriety, decency.

89. American New Historicists have been largely influenced by-

(1) Stanley Fish (2) Raymond Williams

(3) Michael Foucault (4) Alan Sinfield

Ans. (3) Michael Foucault

Foucault’s theories on power, knowledge, and discourse are central to New Historicism. Foucault argued that power operates through social structures and language, shaping what is considered "truth" and "knowledge" in a given era. New Historicists apply this to show how literary texts are not just reflections of history, but also participants in creating and contesting power structures. 

90 . An important modernist narrative technique that ignored orderly sentence structure and incorporated fragments of thought in an attempt to capture the flow of characters'. mental processes was termed -

(1) Pastiche (2) Metanarrative

(3) Stream of consciousness (4) Chronotopia

Ans. (3) Stream of consciousness

Stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which is disjointed or has irregular punctuation. While critics have pointed to various literary precursors, it was not until the 20th century that this technique was fully developed by modernist writers such as Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf. The term is commonly credited to William James who used it in 1890 in his The Principles of Psychology. The term was first applied in a literary context in The Egoist, April 1918, by May Sinclair, in relation to the early volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage.

91. Which romantic critic is said to have used platonic ideas to escape from the platonic dilemma?

(1) Shelley (2) Keats

(3) Coleridge (4)Wordsworth

Ans. (1) Shelley

Shelley's ideas are influenced by Plato's theory of Forms, viewing poetic inspiration as a divine, innate force that cannot be willed into existence. He saw the poet as a visionary who channels this ideal, abstract beauty and truth, which is often more perfect in conception than in its final, worldly manifestation. This pursuit of ideal beauty and truth for human betterment was a central theme for Shelley, who believed poets were "unacknowledged legislators of the world". 

92. In which seminal book of his does Roland Barthes propose the five codes of literary analysis - proairetic, hermeneutic, cultural, semic and symbolic?

(1) The Semiotic Challenge

(2) S/Z

(3) The Pleasures of the Text

(4) Death of the Author

Ans. (2) S/Z

S/Z, published in 1970, is Roland Barthes' structural analysis of "Sarrasine", the short story by Honoré de Balzac. Barthes methodically moves through the text of the story, denoting where and how different codes of meaning function. These are five of Roland Barthes' narrative codes, used to analyze texts: the hermeneutic code deals with mysteries, the proairetic code refers to actions and their consequences, the semic code focuses on connotative meanings and stereotypes, the symbolic code uses symbolism and opposition, and the cultural code draws on external bodies of knowledge. Together, these codes help break down the different layers of meaning within a narrative. 

93. Which of the following author has described diaspora as Colonialism in reverse'?

(1) Derek Walcott (2) V.S. Naipaul
(3) Salman Rushdie (4) Gordon Lewis

Ans. (4) Gordon Lewis

94. Match the writers with their works -

(A) Anandavardhana (i) Dhvanyaloka

(B) Abhinavagupta (ii) Locana

(C) Kuntaka (iii) Vakroktijivita

(D) Dandin (iv) Kavyadarsa

(1) (A-iii) (B-iv) (C-i) (D-ii)

(2) (A-i) (B-ii) (C-iii) (D-iv)

(3) (A-ii) (B-iii) (C-iv) (D-i)

(4) (A-iv) (B-i) (C-ii) (D-iii)

Ans. (2) (A-i) (B-ii) (C-iii) (D-iv)

Author Century Key Theory Essence

Dhvanyāloka Ānandavardhana 9th Dhvani (suggestion) True poetry lies in suggested meaning

Locana Abhinavagupta 10th–11th Rasa-dhvani Aesthetic emotion is realized through suggestion

Vakroktijīvita Kuntaka 10th Vakrokti (obliqueness) Beauty lies in artistic deviation

Kāvyādarśa Daṇḍin 7th–8th Alaṅkāra (ornamentation) Figures and style make poetry beautiful

95. Alexander Pope's 'Essay on Criticism' is Not modelled on-

(1) Vida's 'De, Arte Poetica ‘

(2). Horace's ' Ars Poctica’

(3) Granville’s Unnatural Flights

(4) Boileau's L' Art Poétique’

Ans. (3) Granville’s Unnatural Flights

Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism was modelled on the principles of classical literature, especially the works of ancient Greek and Roman poets like Horace and Homer. It was also heavily influenced by French classicist Nicolas Boileau's L'Art Poétique and Renaissance Italian poet and theorist Giambattista Vida's De Arte Poetica. Pope sought to apply classical rules and reason to contemporary literary criticism, using these works as both a stylistic and thematic guide

96. Pope's Essays on criticism is about -

(1) A just and lively image of human nature

(2) A generalisation about good-taste,

(3) An inquiry into the nature and value of poetry.

(4) Didactic function of poetry.

Ans. (2) A generalisation about good-taste,

97.Who wrote - ‘‘They take on a more than mortal size in memory" as a tribute to Thomas Hardy's characters?

(1) E.M. Forster (2) Lytton Strachey

(3) Henry James (4) Virginia Woolf

Ans. (4) Virginia Woolf

“They take on a more than mortal size in memory. We see them, not in detail but enlarged and dignified. . . . Their speech has a Biblical dignity and poetry. They have a force in them which cannot be defined, a force of love or of hate, a force which in the men is the cause of rebellion against life, and in the women implies an illimitable capacity for suffering, and it is this which dominates the character and makes it unnecessary that we should see the finer features that lie hid. This is the tragic power; and, if we are to place Hardy among his fellows, we must call him the greatest tragic writer among English novelists.”

98. Horace lays down two conditions for incorporating ’chorus' in a tragedy, viz.

(a) It should form an integral part of the poem.

(b) Its comments should be directed to a noble end.

(c) It should be introduced in the beginning, middle and at the end of the tragedy.

(d) It should speak in a lyrical way only.

Choose the cỏrrect option on the basis of the above options -

(1) a and c (2) b and c

(3) a and d (4) a and b

Ans. (4) a and b

99. In his "Apology for Poetry", Sir Philip Sidney that argues poetry is superior to-

(1) Music and Painting (2) Drama .

(3) History and Philosophy (4) Novels

Ans. (3) History and Philosophy

In his work, An Apology for Poetry, Sir Philip Sidney argues that poetry is superior to both history and philosophy because it can teach and delight the reader more effectively. While philosophy offers abstract principles and history presents only what has happened, poetry can use creative, imaginative examples to both move the reader with emotion and inspire virtuous action

100. Which of the following are reasons for the absence of serious theatre in the early Victorian age?

(A) The popularity of the novel

(B) Theatre-shy middle class

(C) Only two serious theatres for more than a century

(1) B &C (2) A,B &C 

(3) A &B (4) A&C

Ans. (2) A,B &C 

101. Which of the following writers distinguishes the 'dissident’ from the 'subversive’ and argues that text can overcome such containment and thus challenge dominant discourses? (1) Alan Sinfield (2) Clifford Geertz

(3) Hayden White (4) Anthony.Giddens

Ans. (1) Alan Sinfield

Traditional literary criticism often seeks to uncover a text's "true" or "intended" meaning, based on the assumption of a coherent authorial vision. Dissident reading, in contrast, emphasizes the ways in which texts are open to multiple, conflicting interpretations, shaped by the diverse social and political positions of readers. Sinfield argued that dissident reading is a form of political resistance, challenging dominant ideologies and opening up new spaces for marginalized voices and perspectives

102. In the second book of ' Advancement of learning', Bacon differentiates among three segments of human understanding. Which one of the following is NOT attributed to him?

(1) Reason which relates to Philosophy (2) Imagination which relates to Poetry

(3) Action which relate to Psychology (4) Memory which relates to History

Ans. (3) Action which relate to Psychology

In the second book, he divided human understanding into three parts: history, related to man's faculty of memory; poetry, related to man's faculty of imagination; and philosophy, pertaining to man's faculty of reason. Then he considers the three aspects with which each branch of understanding can relate itself to a divine, human and natural. From the combination of the three branches (history, poetry, and philosophy) and three aspects (divine, human and natural) a series of different sciences are deduced.

103. What a piece of work is man, How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, In form and moving how express and admirable, In action how like an Angel in apprehension, how like a god, The beauty of the world, The paragon of animals." These, lines in Hamlet are a fine example of-

(1) Realism (2) Humour

(3) Egoism (4) Humanism

Ans. (4) Humanism

Humanism in Shakespeare's plays is evident in the focus on human agency, reason, and emotion, moving away from medieval fatalism to explore the individual's capacity for both greatness and flawed choices. Shakespeare presents humanism through Hamlet's deep introspection, his praise for human reason ("what a piece of work is man"), and the play's focus on individual experience and existential concerns, while simultaneously using other characters and plot points to show the potential for cruelty, self-interest, and the limitations of reason in the face of chaos.

104. “Literature versus Ecriture" is an essay by -

(1) Murray Krieger (2) E.D. Hirsch

(3) Paul de Man (4) Jacques Lacan

Ans. (1) Murray Krieger

Murray Krieger (1923 – 2000) was an American literary critic and theorist, One of the major New Critics, in 1976, he helped found the School of Criticism and Theory, which became an influential forum for literary criticism and critical theory in the United States. His study of the New Critics introduced a degree of philosophical sophistication and theoretical self-consciousness to formalist criticism that was rare among literary critics in the U.S. during that time.

Krieger's work focused on the nature of literary fiction and how it reveals the constructed nature of all forms of representation. According to him, literature is the "primary means of freeing ourselves from the constraints of ideology and arbitrary beliefs." He insisted that literature is different from other kinds of discourse because it never claims its fictional forms are anything other than illusions. Krieger argued that literary illusion, as illusion, offers society a critical perspective on the ideological systems by which beliefs are nourished and enforced as “true,” and he included among those systems any theoretical method that discounts the special status of literary forms.

105. The Dickens world, by Humphry House is an admirable example of -

(1) Practical Criticism (2) Natural Criticism

(3) Sociological Criticism (4) Psychological Criticism

Ans. (3) Sociological Criticism

106. As a Tirade to ' Art for Art's sake" movement, who among the following authors said - ""for arts' sake, I would not face the toil of writing a single sentence."?

(1) Henry James (2) F.R. Leavis

(3) Ezra Pound (4) G.B. Shaw

Ans. (4) G.B. Shaw

107. Which one of these critics combines the theory of tropes, Freudian psychology and cabbalistic mysticism to explain "misreading" and "anxiety of influence?

(1) Gille's Deleuze (2) Julia Kristeva

(3) Paul de Man (4) Harold Bloom

Ans. (4) Harold Bloom

1. Anxiety of Influence (AoI)

Definition: The psychological struggle a poet or writer experiences with the influence of previous writers. Creativity is blocked or complicated because earlier works cast a long shadow.

Key Points:

1. Influence is inevitable: No poet writes in a vacuum; every writer inherits a literary tradition.

2. Poetic misreading: To create originality, the poet must “misread” or reinterpret predecessors.

3. Oedipal analogy: The poet must symbolically “kill” the literary father (predecessor) to establish independence.

4. Stages of AoI: Bloom identifies six “revisionary ratios” (strategies poets use to overcome influence), e.g., clinamen (swerve), tessera (completion), kenosis (self-emptying), etc.

Example:

Blake writing against Milton — he misreads Milton’s grandeur and morality to carve his own poetic identity.

2. Misreading

Definition: A deliberate or unconscious distortion of earlier texts by the poet to free themselves from influence.

Misreading is necessary for creativity, not a flaw.

Key Points:

1. Creative necessity: Misreading allows poets to reinterpret tradition and assert originality.

2. Not just error: It’s a strategic act of psychological and literary negotiation.

3. Forms of misreading: Bloom categorizes various methods, e.g.,

Swerve (clinamen)

Overwriting (obliteration of predecessor’s style)

Inversion (turning predecessor’s ideas against themselves)

Example:

T.S. Eliot misreading Dante or Shakespeare to fit his modernist framework.

108. Who is the author of the interview "woman can never be defined" which is now a part of New French Feminisms?

(1) Hélène Cixous (2) Luce Irigaray

(3) Julia Kristeva (4) Louise Dupin

Ans. (3) Julia Kristeva

Julia Kristeva argues that "woman can never be defined" because she is beyond fixed identity and symbolic representation, existing as a process rather than a fixed state of being. While "woman" is useful as a slogan for political struggles, such as for abortion rights, it is fundamentally not a stable identity that can be contained within language or ideology. Kristeva sees this fluidity as the "feminine" – a constant, transformative process that challenges rigid categories. 

109. A …………....... or a position of in-betweenness, of hybridity, is created according to Bhabha when the postcolonial is juxtaposed between the”adopted" Englishness and the original" native condition or identity.

(1) mimicry (2) mockery

(3) third space (4) appropriation

Ans. (3) third space

The “Third Space” is a conceptual space between cultures where meaning, identity, and culture are negotiated. It is neither fully one culture nor the other, but a hybrid space that challenges fixed notions of identity, power, and authority.

110. Mikhail Bakhtin's structuralist principle of dialogism' consisted of key tenets comprising: Polyphony, Chronotopy, Carnivalesque and. ... :

(1) Proaireticism (2) Heteroglossia

(3) Architextuality (4) Parole

Ans. (2) Heteroglossia

1. Polyphony: Definition: Literally means “many voices.”

A narrative structure in which multiple voices, perspectives, or consciousnesses coexist independently. No single authorial voice dominates; characters have their own fully developed viewpoints. Example: Dostoevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov — each character expresses distinct ideologies and moral views.

2. Chronotope: Definition: Literally “time-space” (from Greek chronos = time, topos = space). It refers to the intrinsic connection of temporal and spatial relationships in literature — how time and space shape the narrative. Example: In a detective novel, the confined space of a mansion combined with suspenseful time creates a particular narrative effect.

3. Carnivalesque: Definition: A concept where traditional social hierarchies, norms, and authority are temporarily inverted or suspended. Often involves humor, chaos, and celebration of the body or earthly life. Origin: Derived from medieval carnival practices. Example: Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel — grotesque humor, bodily excesses, and parody of authority.---

4. Heteroglossia: Definition: Literally means “different languages/voices.” Refers to the coexistence of multiple social speech types, languages, and voices within a text. Each voice carries its own worldview, ideology, and social perspective. Example: In Dostoevsky, characters’ speech reflects their class, ideology, and personality.

111. William Empson says, "Uncertainty, or overlap of meanings in the use of a word could be an enrichment of poetry rather than a fault." From which of his critical texts is the quote taken?

(1) Some Versions of Pastoral (2) The Structure of Complex Words

(3) Milton's God (4) Seven Types of Ambiguity

Ans. (4) Seven Types of Ambiguity

Seven Types of Ambiguity is a work of literary criticism by William Empson which was first published in 1930. It was one of the most influential critical works of the 20th century and was a key foundation work in the formation of the New Criticism school. The book is organized around seven types of ambiguity that Empson finds in the poetry he discusses.

112. According to New Historicists the past is "thrice processed" - first through ideology, then through discursive practices of our own time and lastly through ..........which is remade.

(1) language (2) tenets

(3) gendering (4) surveillance

Ans. (1) language

The phrase "thrice processed" in New Historicism means that our understanding of the past is filtered through three distinct layers: the historical period's own ideologies and discursive practices, the contemporary period's ideologies and discursive practices, and finally, the distorting web of language itself. This concept challenges the idea of an objective, easily accessible past, asserting instead that history is a textual and constructed reality that is continually reinterpreted through these layers. 

113. Which among the following is NOT written by. the psychologist Erick Erikson?

(1) Young Man Luther (2) 'Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet"

(3) The Life Cycle Completed: A Review (4) Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence

Ans. (2) 'Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet"

Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet is a work by Jacques Lacan which was published in 1977.

Erik Homburger Erikson (1902 – 1994) was a German-American child psychoanalyst and visual artist known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis.

Erikson won a Pulitzer Prize and a US National Book Award in category Philosophy and Religion for Gandhi's Truth (1969), which focused more on his theory as applied to later phases in the life cycle.

Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History is a 1958 book by the psychologist Erik Erikson. It was one of the first psychobiographies of a famous historical figure. Erikson found in Martin Luther a good model of his discovery of "the identity crisis". Erikson was sure he could explain Luther's spontaneous eruption, during a monastery choir practice, "I am not!" According to Erikson, Luther suffered through an environment that fomented crisis, and succeeded in a healthy resolution, thereby becoming more fulfilled than if the crisis had not been experienced. In the end Luther chose the obedient, provincial leadership path his father had wished for him, rather than the national fame he could have easily pursued after his celebrity and wealth, but only after Luther had disobeyed and suffered many years in an identity crisis

114. Who wrote in which text "The reverence due to writings that have long subsisted arises therefore not from any credulous confidence in the superior wisdom of past ages, but is the consequence of acknowledged and indubitable positions, that what has longest known has been most considered, and what is most considered.is best understood."

(1) Samuel Johnson: Preface to Shakespeare (2) John Dennis: The Grounds of Criticism in Poetry

(3) Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism (4) John Dryden: An Essay on Dramatic Poesy

Ans. (1) Samuel Johnson: Preface to Shakespeare

Preface to Shakespeare – Samuel Johnson (1765)

Purpose: Preface to his edition of Shakespeare’s plays; to analyze Shakespeare’s greatness and faults.

Shakespeare’s Strengths: Poet of nature: Depicts universal human nature; characters reflect real life. Truth to life: Follows human experience over rigid classical rules (unities of time, place, action). Mixture of tragedy and comedy: Life itself is a blend of joy and sorrow; mixing genres reflects reality. Moral lessons: Plays promote virtue; vice is eventually punished. Enduring appeal: Popular across generations; “pleases many and pleases long.”

Shakespeare’s Weaknesses: Loose plot construction; not always focused. Occasional excessive wordplay and puns. Weak historical accuracy. Sometimes violates decorum (mix of high and low styles).

Famous Ideas / Quotes: “Shakespeare is above all writers… the poet of nature.”

“His characters… are the genuine progeny of common humanity.”

115. In the later half of 16th century, a literary circle was formed at the house of Earl of Leicester which aimed at the reform of English verse by substituting the Greek and Latin system of prosody for the English. What was this literary circle called?

(1) Areopagus (2) English Delia

(3) Meta Oratorio (4) Hyperbaton

Ans. (1) Areopagus

The Areopagus is a proposed 16th-century society or club dedicated to the reformation of English poetry. The club may have involved figures such as Edmund Spenser, Gabriel Harvey, Edward Dyer and Sir Phillip Sidney. The existence of the Areopagus as a formal society was first noted by Henry Richard Fox Bourne in 1862 in his Memoir of Sir Philip Sidney. There is no direct evidence that the group was more than an idea found in the correspondence between Spenser and Harvey, and if it existed its membership is uncertain.

116. Bishop Hurd in his 'Letters on Chivalry and Romance' (1762) argues that "Faerie Queene must be read as a -

(1) Romantic poem (2) Gothic poem

(3) Neo-classical poem (4) Classical poem

Ans. (2) Gothic poem

Richard Hurd in his Letters on Chivalry and Romance (1762). To Hurd, romance is not truth but a delightful and necessary holiday from common sense.

117. Mathew Arnold talks of three kinds of comparative methods to judge the works of art, among the following options, which one is Not correct?

(1) Real (2) Personal

(3) Organic (4) Historic

Ans. (3) Organic

Historic Estimate, which judges a work by its historical context; Personal Estimate, which is based on individual taste; and Real Estimate, which assesses a work based on its intrinsic artistic merit. The "real" estimate is Arnold's ideal, unbiased method, while the historic and personal estimates are "fallacies" that can distort true judgment.  

• Real Estimate: This is the true, objective judgment of a poem's artistic excellence and its ability to provide pleasure and strength. It is based on an unbiased analysis of the work's inherent qualities and its "classic" status. 

• Historic Estimate: This method overvalues a work due to its place in literary history, such as a poet's historical importance or a work's fame in its own era. For example, giving undue weight to ancient poets out of veneration. 

• Personal Estimate: This is a subjective judgment influenced by personal feelings, biases, or a reader's connection to a particular contemporary poet. It is swayed by personal preferences rather than objective merit

118. With the incoming of the philosophy of Heidegger and Nietzsche and the psychoanalysis of Freud, our erstwhile intellectual universe was decentered. In the resulting universe there were no absolutes or fixed points only relativism. This apocalyptic turn of post-structuralist criticism was called

(1) Deconstruction (2) Phenomenology

(3) Speculations (4) Existentialism

Ans. (1) Deconstruction

Deconstruction is a literary theory developed by Jacques Derrida that analyzes texts by revealing their inherent contradictions, instabilities, and multiple meanings. It challenges the idea that a text has a single, unified meaning by showing how language is unstable and how a text's apparent structure relies on suppressed, contradictory, or hierarchical binary oppositions (like "good/evil"). Instead of seeking one true meaning, deconstruction focuses on the "gaps" and "holes" within a text, looking at what is said versus what is left unsaid to show how the text undermines its own apparent meaning. 

119. The term ‘denouemnent` in Aristotle's "Poetics' means-

(1) Plot's beginning from where the action requires nothing to be known of the earlier occurrence.

(2) Plot's unravelling or its action taking the turning point to the end for good or ill.

(3) Plot's complication in the rising action of the tragedy.

(4) Plot's juncture where the "‘discovery'` is left upon supernatural to be revealed.

Ans. (2) Plot's unravelling or its action taking the turning point to the end for good or ill.

In Aristotle's Poetics, the denouement is the part of a tragedy that follows the climax and resolves the plot, untying the knot of conflict. It is the conclusion where loose ends are tied up, and the final fates of the characters are made clear, whether the outcome is favorable or not. For Aristotle, the entire section from the turning point (peripeteia) to the end of the play constitutes the denouement

120. Who is defining criticism when he says that it reflects movements within and without: "Centripetal when it moves inwardly, towards the structure of a text; ...... centrifugal when it moves outwardly away from the text and towards society and the outer world."?

(1) Cleanth Brooks . (2) Allen Tate

(3) Northrop Frye (4) T.S. Eliot

Ans. (3) Northrop Frye

121. All of Freud's work depends upon the notion of the 'unconscious', linked with this' is the idea of "repression' and thirdly......

(1) sublimation (2) standardization

(3) simulation (4) symbolization

Ans.(1) sublimation

Sublimation is the process of transforming libido into "socially useful" achievements, including artistic, cultural, and intellectual pursuits. Freud considered this psychical operation to be fairly salutary compared to the others that he identified, such as repression, displacement, denial, reaction formation, intellectualization, and projection. In The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), his daughter, Anna, classed sublimation as one of the major 'defence mechanisms' of the psyche

122. Jean - Francois Lyotard's essay "'Answering the Question - What is Postmodernism" was published in his book-

(1) The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity .

(2) The System of Objects

(3) The Postmodern Condition (A Report on knowledge)

(4) Postmodernism

Ans. (3) The Postmodern Condition (A Report on knowledge)

The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge is a 1979 book by the philosopher Jean-François Lyotard, in which the author analyzes the notion of knowledge in postmodern society as the end of 'grand narratives' or metanarratives, which he considers a quintessential feature of modernity. Lyotard introduced the term 'postmodernism', which was previously only used by art critics, into philosophy and social sciences, with the following observation: "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards metanarratives"

123. Which of the following play is not an example of Burlesque?

(1) Merry Wives of Windsor

(2) A Midsummer Night's Dream

(3) The Knight of the Burning Pestle

(4) The Rehearsal

Ans. (1) Merry Wives of Windsor

Burlesque is a literary style that mocks a serious subject by treating it in a ludicrously trivial manner, or conversely, treats a trivial subject with a serious, elevated style. The humor comes from the extreme incongruity between the topic and the tone. Burlesque is a form of satire.

A Midsummer Night's Dream contains elements that can be considered burlesque, particularly in its play-within-a-play, which uses crude humor, exaggerated acting, and low-brow parody to mock serious themes.

The Knight of the Burning Pestle is a quintessential example of burlesque, a form of comedy that mocks serious literary or dramatic work through grotesque exaggeration. The play employs a metatheatrical structure, with a "play-within-a-play" constantly interrupted and reshaped by a grocer and his wife from the audience.

George Villiers's 1671 play The Rehearsal is a landmark of Restoration burlesque, ridiculing the prominent theatrical style of heroic tragedy by treating its conventions and subjects in a comically trivial and absurd manner. Instead of showcasing a parody of a single play, it creates a "play-within-a-play" made up of scenes that comically travesty and mock the dramatic excesses of the era. 

124. Which of the following statements regarding Pre-Raphaelite Movement are correct

(A) It was initially a movement of painters against then artistic conventions:

(B) The Pre-Raphaelite poets were considerably under the influence of Spencer.

(C) They were dubbed as "The fleshy school of poetry`.

(1) B &C (2) A&C

(3) A,B & C (4) A&B

Ans. (3) A,B & C

The Pre-Raphaelite group rejected the artificiality of the Royal Academy and sought to revive the detailed, sincere style of art they saw in Italian painting from before the time of Raphael. Their work is characterized by vibrant colors, meticulous detail, a focus on nature and literature, and a strong moral or spiritual sincerity.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB) drew inspiration from the works of Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser, particularly his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Spenser's richly detailed, allegorical, and medieval-influenced poetry perfectly aligned with the Pre-Raphaelites' aesthetic ideals. 

The "fleshly school of poetry" was a critical term coined by Robert Buchanan in 1871 to attack the sensual, realistic style of some Pre-Raphaelite poets, such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Algernon Charles Swinburne. While the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood began as a group of painters in 1848 aiming to return to the art of the period before Raphael, their literary movement also embraced detailed realism, complex symbolism, and a focus on emotional and sensory experience, which drew accusations of immorality

125. In which of the following books John Ruskin invented the phrase —"Pathetic Fallacy"?

(1) Modern Painters - llI

(2) Unto this Lamb

(3) The Seven Lamps of Architecture

(4) Fors Clavigera.

Ans. (1) Modern Painters - llI

The phrase pathetic fallacy is a literary term for the attribution of human emotion and conduct to things found in nature that are not human. It is a kind of personification that occurs in poetic descriptions, when, for example, clouds seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent. The English cultural critic John Ruskin coined the term in the third volume of his work Modern Painters (1856)

126. In which text, which 'new critic' says this - "We are now dealing with the imaginative, and riot the existential with the "let this be" not with,"this is", and no work of literature is better by virtue of what it says than any other work."?

(1) I.A. Richards-Principles of Literary Criticism (2) Northrop Frye - The Well-Tempered Critic

(3) John Crowe Ransom -The New Criticism (4) Cleanth Brooks - The Well Wrought Um

Ans. (2) Northrop Frye - The Well-Tempered Critic

The Well-Tempered Critic is a collection of essays by the Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye. The collection was originally published in Bloomington, Indiana, by the Indiana University Press in 1963.

127. According to Freud, Hamlet has a repressed desire for his own mother and thus suffers from -

(1) Cassandra Complex (2) Adonis Complex

(3) Electra Complex (4 )Oedipus Complex

Ans. (4 ) Oedipus Complex

Sigmund Freud linked Hamlet to the myth of Oedipus through the concept of the Oedipus complex, suggesting the protagonist's procrastination stems from an unconscious desire to kill his father and marry his mother. In Oedipus Rex, this repressed desire is acted out openly, whereas in Hamlet, Freud argued it remains unconscious and manifests through his internal conflict and hesitation. 

128. Which of the-following statements about S.T. Coleridge are correct?

A. He along with Southey advocated a Utopian, Egalitarian polity called ' Pantisocracy".

B. He introduced into Britain the Kantian and the post-Kantian Romantic Philosophy.

C. He turned to Cambridge Platonists for an alternative to the materialism and utilitarianism of his time.

(1) A & C (2) A & B

(3) A, B & C (4) B & C

Ans. (3) A, B & C

Pantisocracy (from the Greek πᾶν and ἰσοκρατία meaning "equal or level government by/for all") was a utopian scheme devised in 1794 by, among others, the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey for an egalitarian community. It is a system of government where all rule equally. They originally intended to establish such a community in the United States, choosing a site on the banks of the Susquehanna River after considering other places such as Kentucky. By 1795 Southey had doubts about the viability of this and proposed moving the project to Wales. The two men were unable to agree on the location, causing the project to collapse

129. Criticising Pope's definition of true wit - "What oft was thought but ne'er so well expressed." Which critic called this statement 'both false and foolish'?.

(1) Eliot (2) Dryden

(3) Dr. Johnson (4) Arnold

Ans. (3) Dr. Johnson

Johnson, a prominent English writer and critic, argued that this definition of true wit oversimplified creativity, suggesting that great wit involves more than just a clever expression of an existing idea.  

130. Which of the following plays parades a variety of characters dominated by particular 'humours' or obsessive quirks of disposition?

(1) Every Man Out of His Humour

(2) A School for Scandal

(3) The Divine Comedy

(4) Comedy of Errors

Ans. (1) Every Man Out of His Humour

Ben Jonson's 1599 satirical play Every Man Out of His Humour features a wide range of characters, each dominated by a particular, exaggerated "humour" or personality quirk. This central comedic device allows Jonson to critique the affectations and follies of his society.

The main characters' humorous quirks include:

• Macilente: A venomous and bitter malcontent consumed by envy. He rages against the prosperity and happiness of those he sees as fools and actively seeks to cause them trouble. His humor is only cured after he succeeds in causing widespread misery, at which point he feels a surprising sense of contentment.

• Carlo Buffone: A foul-mouthed and cynical jester known for his crude, indiscriminate insults. His over-the-top verbal assaults are ultimately and comically silenced when his mouth is sealed with hot wax.

• Fastidious Brisk: An affected and foppish courtier with an all-consuming obsession with fashion. He is so fixated on the latest styles that his attempts to maintain his extravagant image drive him to financial ruin and, eventually, to debtors' prison.

• Deliro: An overly doting, uxorious husband whose humor is his excessive affection for his wife, Fallace. His deep attachment makes him vulnerable to suspicion, which, when provoked, drives him out of his obsessive state.

• Fallace: Deliro's vain wife, who foolishly and recklessly becomes enamored with the affected courtier Fastidious Brisk. Her desire to be admired and her poor judgment cause her to lose her husband's love.

• Sordido: A miserly farmer who obsessively hoards grain and hopes for bad weather so he can profit from others' misfortune. When a good harvest unexpectedly ruins his plans, he is driven to suicidal despair.

• Fungoso: Sordido's foolish son, who vainly attempts to imitate Fastidious Brisk's fashion-forward style. His obsessive mimicry constantly leaves him a step behind the trends, a perpetual figure of mockery.

• Sogliardo: Sordido's social-climbing brother, an "essential clown" who longs to be a gentleman. He pays Carlo Buffone for lessons in proper behavior but ultimately fails in his transparent efforts to achieve sophistication.

• Puntarvolo: A fantastically vainglorious knight whose pompousness is his defining humor. He performs romantic scenes with his wife and makes a bizarre wager on his family's safe return from Constantinople. When he loses the bet, he violently silences the taunts of Carlo Buffone.

• Shift: A cowardly rogue who pretends to be a hardened criminal. His humorous quirk is that his pretenses are hollow, as he is too weak to actually commit any crimes. [1, 2, 4, 5]

131. Which of the following statements about masque is not correct

(1) It combined poetic drama, song, dance & music

(2) It was first produced in England

(3) It was a fairly elaborate form of courtly entertainment.

(4) It was popular in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I.

Ans. (2) It was first produced in England

The masque as a theatrical form first emerged in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries as the intermezzo, but the English masque became a distinct and elaborate courtly entertainment in Tudor and Stuart England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. While its roots are in primitive religious rites, folk ceremonies, and earlier European entertainments, it was in England where the masque reached its artistic peak with contributions from playwrights like Ben Jonson and designers like Inigo Jones

132. On the basis of the following statements on Elizabethan poetry, find out the option which in Not correct?

(1) Wit and play of mind, argumentation and logical development were not foreign to it

(2) It was fit for a certain kind of directness, economy and concentration.

(3) It was primarily not the spontaneous out pouring of emotion.

(4) It was a conscious art, rhetorical in method.

Ans. (2) It was fit for a certain kind of directness, economy and concentration.

Elizabethan poetry is characterized by its linguistic richness, including intricate imagery and elaborate language, and its experimentation with form, especially the popularization of the sonnet and the use of iambic pentameter. It draws heavily on classical and European traditions, with themes ranging from love, nature, and patriotism to politics, morality, and human experience. The poetry often has a romantic and idealistic spirit, while also incorporating elements of reasoning, persuasion, and moral allegory. 

Key characteristics

• Linguistic and stylistic features:

  • Rich and lavish language: Poets used elaborate language, metaphors, and wordplay to create a sensory experience for the reader. 

  • Emotional intensity: Poems often displayed emotional depth, particularly in exploring themes of love, longing, and despair. 

  • Influence of classical tradition: A strong influence from classical antiquity is evident in the themes, models, and verse forms used. 

133. Which of the following critics is known for the statement - true end of satire is amendment of vices by correction?

(1) John Dryden (2) Jonathan Swift

(3) Dr. Johnson (4) Alexander Pope

Ans. (1) John Dryden

Absalom and Achitophel is "generally acknowledged as the finest political satire in the English language". It is also described as an allegory regarding contemporary political events, and a mock heroic narrative. On the title page, Dryden himself describes it simply as "a poem". In the prologue, "To the Reader", Dryden states that "the true end of satire is the amendment of vices by correction". He also suggests that in Absalom and Achitophel he did not let the satire be too sharp to those who were least corrupt: "I confess I have laid in for those, by rebating the satire, where justice would allow it, from carrying too sharp an edge."

134. For Susan Faludi, post-feminism is the …………………….. and its triumph lies in its ability 'to define itself as an `ironic, pseudo-intellectual critique on the feminist movement, rather than an overtly hostile response to it.

(1) 'backlash' (2) "kickback"

(3) revulsion (4) "recoiling'

Ans. (1) 'backlash'

Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women is a 1991 book by Susan Faludi, in which the author presents evidence demonstrating the existence of a media-driven "backlash" against the feminist advances of the 1970s in the United States.Faludi argues that the backlash uses a strategy of "blaming the victim", which suggests that the women's liberation movement itself is the cause of many of the problems alleged to be plaguing American women in the late 1980s. She also argues that many of these problems are illusory, constructed by the media without reliable evidence.

135. According to which structuralist the word (or 'signifier) is connected to the meaning or concepts (the *signified') in a purely arbitrary relationship together the signifier and signified constitute a Sign'?

(1) Roman Jakobson (2) Tzvetan Todorov

(3) Vladimir Propp (4) Ferdinand de Saussure

Ans. (4) Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of the arbitrariness of the word argues that the link between a word and the concept it represents is random and lacks any natural or logical connection. He proposed that a linguistic sign consists of a signifier (the spoken or written word, like "tree") and a signified (the concept or mental image of a tree). The relationship between these two is arbitrary because there is no inherent quality in the concept of a tree that necessitates being called "tree".  

136. Which of the following is NOT a key tenet of modernism?

(1) A liking for fragmented forms (2) A blurring of the distinctions between genres

(3) Emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity (4) An inclination for hermeneutics

Ans. (4) An inclination for hermeneutics

Hermeneutics is the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, especially of the Bible or literary texts. It has nothing to do with Modernism.

137. Aime Césaire's Negritude means all of the following, except -

(1) it was the cultural response of the native to the onslaught by colonialism's culture

(2)it did not involve cultural, separatisin and the rejection of assimilation of colonial culture by Africans.

(3) it involves battling the rejection of native cultures

(4) it is the black colonized people's salvaging of their own identity and consciousness from colonialism.

Ans. (2)it did not involve cultural, separatisin and the rejection of assimilation of colonial culture by Africans.

Negritude, a literary and philosophical movement founded by Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon Damas, was a celebration of Black identity and a protest against French colonial rule and racism. It emerged in Paris in the 1930s and aimed to reclaim pride in African culture by drawing inspiration from African heritage, using the colonizer's language to challenge Western myths of civilization. Césaire, a key figure, saw it as a way to redefine the term "nègre" from a derogatory word into a positive expression of empowerment and Black consciousness. 

138. What term does Eliot use for separation of intellectual thought from the experience of feeling in poetry?

(1) Objective Correlative (2) Negative Capability

(3) Texture ' (4) Dissociation of Sensibility

Ans. (4) Dissociation of Sensibility

"Dissociation of sensibility" is a literary term coined by T.S. Eliot to describe the separation of thought and feeling in poetry, particularly in seventeenth-century English literature. Eliot argued that earlier poets, like the Metaphysical poets, possessed a "unified sensibility" where intellectual and emotional experiences were fused, a quality he believed was lost in later poets like Milton and Dryden. This led to a poetry that was either overly intellectual or overly emotional, but no longer a seamless blend of both. 

139. Mathew Arnold used the term- ‘Philistinism' in his ' Culture and Anarchy` for-

(1) Anachronism (2) Lack of Culture

(3) Fundamental Excellence (4) Solidarity of Culture

Ans. (2) Lack of Culture

Matthew Arnold used "Philistinism" to describe a middle-class society's narrow-minded focus on materialism and practicality, which neglects culture and intellectual pursuits. In his work Culture and Anarchy, he identified the "Philistines" as those who prioritized wealth and industrial progress over artistic and spiritual values. For Arnold, true culture required striving for perfection and moral growth, which was hindered by this materialistic indifference.

140. Robert Conquest’s anthology New Lines set the agenda for which school in modern poetry?

(1) Pre-Raphaelite Poetry (2) Vorticism

(3) Imagism (4) The Movement Poets

Ans. (4) The Movement Poets

Robert Conquest's 1956 anthology, New Lines, was a pivotal collection for the post-war literary group known as The Movement poets, which included writers like Philip Larkin and Kingsley Amis. The anthology, along with its 1963 sequel, promoted a return to poetic simplicity, clarity, and traditional forms, arguing for rational structure and comprehensible language over the obscurity of earlier modernism. 

Key figures: The anthology features poets associated with The Movement, such as Philip Larkin, Kingsley Amis, Donald Davie, Thom Gunn, D.J. Enright, and John Holloway. 

141. Which of the following statements is Not correct regarding the Theatre of the Absurd"?

(1) The term was invented by Spanish born dramatist Fernando Arrabal

(2) It emphasizes the difficulty of communicating.

(3) It depicts human beings struggling with irrationality of experience

(4) It portrays characters without apparent purpose.

Ans. (1) The term was invented by Spanish born dramatist Fernando Arrabal

The term "Theatre of the Absurd" was coined by Martin Esslin in his 1960 book of the same name. He used it to describe a group of plays, most written between 1940 and 1960, that emphasized the absurdity and meaninglessness of the human condition in a post-World War II world

142. Which of the following statements is correct about Mary Wollstonecraft's book A Vindication of the Rights of Women?

(1) It discusses portrayal of women in the novels of DH Lawrence.

(2) It elaborates on women writers who could not publish their works

(3) Male writers like Milton, Pope and Rousseau are discussed.

(4) It portrays unequal treatment given to women seeking education and alternatives to marriage,

Ans. (3) Male writers like Milton, Pope and Rousseau are discussed.

On Rousseau: Wollstonecraft directly challenged Rousseau's philosophy on female education and the roles of women, arguing that his views relegated women to a state of inferiority by denying them proper intellectual development. She argued that women's perceived deficiencies were a result of a lack of education, not their inherent nature. 

On Milton and Pope: She saw their works as reinforcing damaging stereotypes by depicting women as weak, decorative, or subservient. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, she criticized the way male writers portrayed women as either weak or as objects designed to please men, advocating instead for women's intellectual and moral development. 

143. Which among the following have written the book Empire (2000) which offers insights into new forms of colonial domination that emerge since the 1980s?

(1) Aijaz Ahmad (2) Arif Dirlik

(3) Arjun Appadurai (4) Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri

Ans. (4) Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri

Empire is a book by post-Marxist philosophers Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. Written in the mid-1990s, it was published in 2000. It is part of a trilogy which includes Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004) and Commonwealth (2009). According to Hardt and Negri's Empire, the rise of Empire is the end of national conflict, the "enemy" now, whoever he is, can no longer be ideological or national. The enemy now must be understood as a kind of criminal, as someone who represents a threat not to a political system or a nation but to the law. This is the enemy as a terrorist ... In the "new order that envelops the entire space of ... civilization", where conflict between nations has been made irrelevant, the "enemy" is simultaneously "banalized" (reduced to an object of routine police repression) and absolutized (as the Enemy, an absolute threat to the ethical order)

144. Match the following correctly -

(a) Lyotard (i) Rhizomatic Self

(b) Baudrillard (ii) Relation between Ideology and Literary forms

(c) Eagleton (iii) Rejection of Grand Narratives

(d) Deleuze & Guattari (iv) Simulation and Simulacra

(1) (a-iii), (b-i), (c-iv), (d-ii) (2) (a-iv), (b-iii), (c-i), (d-ii)

(3) (a-iii), (b-iv).,(c-ii), (d-i) (4) (a-i), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iv)

Ans. (3) (a-iii), (b-iv).,(c-ii), (d-i)

The "rhizomatic self" is a concept, originating from the philosophers Deleuze and Guattari, that views the self not as a fixed, central entity but as a dynamic, ever-changing network of interconnected ideas, memories, and relationships.

Terry Eagleton argues that literary forms are not separate from ideology but are deeply interwoven with it; specifically, the form of a literary text reflects and grapples with the ideology of its time. Ideology shapes literary production by reinforcing dominant social structures, while literary forms, in turn, can both reproduce and subvert these ideologies through techniques like plot, character, and genre.

Jean-François Lyotard's rejection of grand narratives, famously in his work The Postmodern Condition, argues that overarching, totalizing stories of progress (like those of the Enlightenment, Marxism, or Liberalism) are no longer credible or legitimate in the postmodern era. Instead, he proposed a shift toward accepting a plurality of "little narratives" or local stories that are fragmented, context-specific, and emerge from diverse "language games". This rejection stems from a skepticism toward universal truths and a recognition of knowledge as fragmented and localized rather than unified.  

Simulacra and Simulation is a 1981 philosophical treatise by the philosopher and cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard, in which he seeks to examine the relationships between reality, symbols, and society, in particular the significations and symbolism of culture and media involved in constructing an understanding of shared existence.

Simulacra are copies that depict things that either had no original, or that no longer have an original. Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time

145. Said discerns two forms of Orientalism-the latent which is an unconscious set of views about the orient full of stereotypes fantasies and fears and the..……………..which is said's term for the stated and articulated views about oriental society in history and literature.

(1) present (2) surface 

(3) superficial (4) manifest

Ans. (4) manifests

Latent Orientalism: The deep-seated, fixed, and often unchallenged ideas about the "backwardness" or "difference" of the Orient.

Manifest Orientalism: The overt expressions of Orientalist views that change in style but maintain the underlying assumption of Oriental inferiority

146. Match the statements with their writers, regarding their views on Paradise Lost -

A. Coleridge (i) Nothing can exceed the energy and magnificence of the character of Satan in Paradise Lost.

B. Byron (ii) The poem is so good because it makes God so bad.

C. Shelley (iii) The character of Satan is pride and sensual indulgence, finding in self the sole motive of action.

D. Empson (iv) If 'Cain' be 'blasphemous", Paradise Lost is blasphemous,

(1) (A-iv).(B-ii) (C-iii) (D-i) (2) (A-iï)(B-i)(C-iv)(D-iii)

(3) (A-i) (B-ii) (C-iii) (-iv) (4) (A-iii) (B-iv)(C-i)(D-ii)

Ans. (4) (A-iii) (B-iv)(C-i)(D-ii)

147. The division of five kinds of cognition into 'klista' and aklishta' by the 'rasa" theorists is based on which school of philosophy?

(1) Vaishashik (2) Mimansa

(3) Samkhya (4) Yoga

Ans. (4) Yoga

In the context of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, klishta refers to painful, afflictive, or disturbing mental modifications (𝑣𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑠 ) that cause suffering, while aklishta refers to non-painful, beneficial, or neutral ones. The "a-" prefix in Sanskrit is a negator, turning "painful" (klishta) into "not painful" (aklishta). All mental activity is classified into these two categories: klishta thoughts are those that generate confusion and stress, while aklishta thoughts are those that bring clarity and peace. 

148. Match the following Aristotlean terms and choose the correct option given below-

(1) Peripeteia (a) Change from ignorance to knowledge

(2) Anagnorisis - (b) A fatal flaw in the protagonist

(3) Hamartia (c) Reversal of situation

(4) Catharsis (d) Purification of emotion

(1) 1-c,2-b,3-a, 4-d (2) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d

(3) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c (4) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d

Ans. (4) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d

These are four key concepts of tragedy, particularly as defined by Aristotle. Hamartia is the tragic flaw or error in judgment of the protagonist; peripeteia is a sudden reversal of fortune; anagnorisis is the moment of critical recognition or discovery; and catharsis is the emotional release of pity and fear experienced by the audience. 

149. Which one of the following statements is Not correct about ""Intentional fallacy"?

(1) Modern exponents of objective criticism have adopted this concept

(2) Intentional fallacy is basically about the error of interpreting a text by the authorial intention

(3) This term was first used by Beardsley and Wimsatt.

(4) It is synonymous with affective fallacy and advocates the study of the author's intention in interpreting the text.

Ans. (4) It is synonymous with affective fallacy and advocates the study of the author's intention in interpreting the text.

The intentional fallacy is the mistaken belief that a work of art should be interpreted by focusing on the author's intended meaning, rather than the text itself. Proposed by W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley in the 1940s, this concept argues that a literary work's meaning and value are found within its own structure, words, and form—not in the author's life, biography, or original intent, which are considered external and irrelevant to interpretation.

150. Which Shakespearean play closely follows Aristotle's basic concepts of the tragic hero and plot?

(1) Hamlet (2) Lear

(3) Macbeth (4) Othello

Ans. (4) Othello

Shakespeare's Othello closely follows Aristotle's rules for tragedy, portraying a noble protagonist with a fatal flaw who experiences a downfall that evokes pity and fear in the audience. Othello fits the definition of a tragic hero because his high social position as a general is undone by his hamartia, or tragic flaw—his jealousy and susceptibility to manipulation—leading to a reversal of fortune (peripeteia) and eventual recognition of his terrible mistake (anagnorisis).