(COLLEGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT)

Paper 1

Paper 1

English Grammar,

Literary Theory,

Literary Critcism

Syllabus Paper 1

Objective Type Paper

No Of Qs - 150

Marks - 75

Negative Marking - 1/3

• English Grammar

  • (i) Critical Appreciation of a given poem or piece of prose.

  • (ii) English Language Usage and Grammar

  • Spotting Errors

    • Determiners & Articles

    • Modal Auxiliaries

    • Prepositions & Phrasal verbs

    • Tenses and Sequence of Tenses

    • Idiomatic Expressions

  • Basic sentence Patterns and Transformations

    • Basic sentence patterns

    • Complex Compound sentences

    • Active/Passive

    • Direct/Indirect

    • Negative/Interrogative

• Literary Criticism

  • Classical (Western and Indian)

  • Renaissance

  • Elizabethan and Jacobean

  • Neo Classical

  • Pre Romantic and Romantic

  • Victorian and Pre Raphaelite

  • Early Moderns till T.S. Eliot

• Critical Theory

  • New Criticism

  • Structuralism

  • Post Structuralism

  • Modernism

  • Post Modernism

  • Post Colonialism

  • Feminist Criticism

  • Psychoanalytical Criticism

  • New Historicism

Fill in the blank with an appropriate preposition.

1. When we reached the woods we camped ………………………….. a lake

(1) besides

(2) beside

(3) among

(4) with

Ans. (2) beside

"Beside" without an "s" is a preposition meaning "next to" or "at the side of".

"Besides" with an "s" can be both a preposition and an adverb, meaning "in addition to" or "apart from.

2. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate preposition.

She determined to avenge herself ……………………….. the killer.

(1) or

(2) for

(3) from

(4) with

Ans. (1) on

Phrasal Verb

“revenge yourself on somebody”

to punish or hurt someone because they have made you suffer

She vowed to be revenged on them all.

3. He called because he …………………….. to talk.

(1) need

(2) is needing

(3) needed

(4) has needed

Ans. (3) needed

A compound sentence using "because" can be formed by joining two independent clauses with the conjunction "because."

Example 1 (Past tense): I went to bed early because I was tired.

Example 2 (Past tense in both clauses): They missed the bus because it was late.

4. Fill in the blank with the correct sequence of tenses.

She ……………………… to see you since 2 ‘O’ clock.

(1) had been waited

(2) will have be waiting

(3) may waiting

(4) has been waiting

Ans. (4) has been waiting

The present perfect continuous tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has just finished and has a result in the present. It emphasizes the duration of an ongoing action and the result it has.

"I have been waiting for you for an hour."

5.  Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb.

There she ……………………………….

(1) goes

(2) go

(3) going

(4) gone

Ans. (1) goes

An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion or feeling and always ends with an exclamation mark (e.g., "Wow!" or "That's amazing!"). It's a more forceful version of a declarative sentence, conveying excitement, surprise, or other strong emotions. Tense is not focus in the exclamatory sentence. Present tense is used mostly.

6. Fill in the blank with the correct tense form:

I wonder what he’ll …………………………. (at) this time tomorrow?

(1) had done

(2) be doing

(3) would do

(4) have doing

Ans. (2) be doing

The future continuous tense indicates an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future. It uses the structure "subject + will be + verb + -ing." For example, "I will be watching TV at 8 PM" shows an action happening at a specific time in the future. "I will be watching TV at 8 PM"

7. There is k Krishna temple ………………………… two kilometers of my house.

(1) into

(2) within

(3) by

(4) on

Ans. (2) within

Within is used for not further than a particular distance from something. The house is within a kilometre of the station.

8. Fill in the blank with the correct tense form:

We ………………….. a lot of rain lately.

(1) had been haved

(2) may have haded

(3) have been having

(4) could be have

Ans. (3) have been having

"Have been having" is the present perfect continuous tense of the verb "have." It's used to describe an action or experience that began in the past and is still continuing up to the present. It emphasizes the ongoing nature of the action. 

9. Choose the correct option to find out the correct meaning of the given idiom.

Scrape the barrel

(1) To prepare the guns for battle

(2) To use one’s last and weakest resource

(3) To sell off the un-useful weapons

(4) To discharge the battalion after war

Ans. (2) To use one’s last and weakest resource.

be reduced to using things or people of the poorest quality because there is nothing else available.

Eg. "the party was scraping the barrel for competent politicians"

10. Choose the correct option to find out the correct meaning of the given idiom.

White elephant

(1) Vulnerable and unwanted

(2) Unreal

(3) Corrupt official

(4) Very costly and useless

Ans. (4) Very costly and useless

The idiom "white elephant" means a possession that is expensive to maintain or difficult to dispose of, and whose cost is out of proportion to its usefulness. In essence, it's something that is a waste of money and has little or no value.

11. From the given options choose the most appropriate meaning of the idiomatic expression “Stop short of” (doing something)

(1) amount of money deducted from salary

(2) receive breathtaking applause from audience.

(3) be unwilling to go beyond a certain limit.

(4) close by plugging an obstruction.

Ans. (3) be unwilling to go beyond a certain limit

stop short of not go as far as (some extreme action).

"the measures stopped short of establishing direct trade links"

12. Fill in the blank with the correct tense form.

This time yesterday I …………………… in a half marathon.

(1) run

(2) had run

(3) have been run

(4) was running

Ans. (4) was running

The past continuous tense describes an action that was ongoing at a specific point in the past. It's also known as the past progressive tense. The basic structure is: Subject + was/were + verb + -ing

13. Choose the correct option to find out the correct meaning of the given idiom.

Turn the tide

(1) to live in distress

(2) to exaggerate

(3) to reverse the general course of events

(4) to oppose with full force

Ans. (3) to reverse the general course of events

reverse the trend of events.

"the air power helped to turn the tide of battle"

14. Choose the appropriate idiomatic expression to complete the sentence.

His resignation came as a surprise to everyone, right ……………….

(1) in the bush

(2) out of the blue

(3) as a blunder

(4) like a blunt

Ans. (2) out of the blue

suddenly; unexpectedly

15. He denied her nothing.

The basic sentence pattern of the above sentence is :

(1) S V O A

(2) S V O C

(3) S V C

(4) S V O O

Ans. (4) S V O O

Subject : Doer of the action or performer of the verb i.e. He

Verb denotes action which is performed by the subject i.e. denied

Object answers what or whom after a verb in a sentence. Objects are of two types- Direct Object and Indirect Object

Direct objects: are the nouns or pronouns that directly receive the action of the verb. Answers what i.e. nothing

Indirect objects: are the nouns or pronouns that are affected by the action of the verb, but not directly.  Answers whom i.e. her

In a sentence, the subject is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action or is being described by the verb. It essentially tells you what or whom the sentence is about. 

Here's a breakdown:

• What it does: The subject answers the question "Who?" or "What?" about the sentence. 

• Placement: In most English sentences, the subject usually comes before the verb. 

• Examples:

  • "The cat sleeps.": (The subject is "cat") 

  • "She is happy.": (The subject is "she") 

  • "The tall building is very old.": (The subject is "the tall building") 

  • A verb is a word that describes an action, state, or occurrence within a sentence. For example, in the sentence "The cat slept," the word "slept" is the verb, indicating the action of sleeping. Verbs are essential because they connect the subject of a sentence (what is doing the action) with what is happening. 

    Key points about verbs:

• Action words: Verbs often describe physical or mental actions, like "run," "think," or "eat". 

• States of being: Verbs can also describe a state of being, like "is," "are," or "seem". 

• Essential for sentences: Virtually every sentence needs a verb. 

• Main verbs and helping verbs: Sentences can have main verbs (the primary action) and helping verbs (that add information about the main verb, like tense or aspect). 

• Examples:

  • "The sun shines." (action) 

In a sentence, an object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb. It answers the question "what" or "who" the subject is acting upon. 

For example:

• The dog chased the ball. (The ball is the object, the thing being chased)

• She read the book. (The book is the object, the thing being read)

• He gave her a gift. (Here, "gift" is the direct object, and "her" is the indirect object) 

  There are two main types of objects: 

• Direct objects: are the nouns or pronouns that directly receive the action of the verb.

• Indirect objects: are the nouns or pronouns that are affected by the action of the verb, but not directly. 

• In the sentence "She gave the book to her," "book" is the direct object and "her" is the indirect object. 

  16. The basic sentence pattern of the sentence “The question is unimportant” is :

(1) S V O

(2) S V C

(3) S V A

(4) S V

Ans: (2) S V C

Subject and verb are explained in previous question.

Complement . Complements are one of the five major elements of clause structure. The other four are subject, verb, object and adjunct (complements are in bold): Both the brothers became doctors.

Two types of complement : Subject Compliment and Object Compliment

In clauses with linking verbs (be, seem, become), complements which follow the verb and which add information about the subject are called subject complements:

Sheila is a nurse. (adding information about Sheila)

All of them seemed surprised.

Complements which add more information about an object are called object complements:

He makes me very angry. (adding information about me)

17. We proved him wrong.

The basic sentence pattern of the above sentence is :

(1) S V C

(2) S V O C

(3) S V A

(4) S V O

Ans. (2) S V O C

A word or phrase that completes the meaning of a linking verb or an object is complement.

Subject Complement: "He is a doctor." (doctor is the subject complement). 

Object Complement: "The voters elected her president." (president is the object complement). 

18. Fill in the blank with an appropriate idiomatic expression choosing from the options given:

Whatever is done, is done and we can’t change it now ……………………

(1) for a blessing in disguise

(2) for the cost of an arm of leg

(3) for the best of both worlds

(4) for better or worse

Ans. (4) for better or worse

For better or for worse" is an idiom that means to accept the consequences of an action, whether positive or negative, because it cannot be changed.

19. Choose the correct option for the pattern.

S+V-0+A

(1) She gave her a ring.

(2) She wrote a poem in Sindhi.

(3) She slept in the balcony yesterday.

(4) Birds fly in the sky all day.

Ans. (2) She wrote a poem in Sindhi.

She - Subject

Wrote - Verb

Object - Answers what. She wrote what? . Poem

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, providing more information about how, when, where, or to what extent something is done. In simpler terms, adverbs tell you more about the action, quality, or other adverbs in a sentence. 

20. I painted the old table red.

(1) S+V+0+C

(2) S+V+0+A

(3) S+V+0+0

(4) S+ V+ C

Ans. (1) S V O C

The old table is the object.

Object Complement: "The voters elected her president." (president is the object complement). 

Red is the object complement.

21. Choose an appropriate conjunction that meaningfully completes the sentence.

He stole, not because he wanted the money ………………… because he liked stealing.

(1) for

(2) so

(3) but

(4) as

Ans. (3) but

22. Identify the compound sentence among the given options:

(1) The match will start when the rain stops.

(2) It is a week since he fell ill.

(3) He is so dull that he cannot understand me.

(4) Rajesh sat beside him and talked for almost an hour.

Ans. (4) Rajesh sat beside him and talked for almost an hour.

In a compound sentence, two independent clauses are connected by a co-ordinating conjunction.

There are mainly 7 types of co-ordinating conjunction-

FANBOYS - For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

23. I don't think I can travel abroad, I am very busy ………………….., my passport is out of date.

Choose an appropriate conjunction to complete the sentence.

(1) yet

(2) beside

(3) besides

(4) still

Ans. (3) besides

Besides can be used either as a preposition meaning “in addition” or an adverb meaning “moreover,” and it is a little less stiff and formal to use than those two terms. I dislike fishing; besides , I don’t even own a boat.

24. The basic sentence pattern of the following sentence is:

An idea struck me.

(1) S V

(2) S V O

(3) S V O O

(4) S V O A

Ans. (2) S V O

An idea - Sub, struck- verb, me- object.

25. Choose the appropriate conjunction to meaningfully complete the sentence.

Some people waste food …………………….. others haven't enough.

(1) as

(2) unless

(3) since

(4) while

Ans. (4)While

26. The days were short, …………………… it was now December.

Choose an appropriate conjunction to complete the sentence.

(1) when

(2) for

(3) though

(4) besides

Ans. (2) for

27. The active transformation of the following passive sentence is:

You'll be met at the station.

(1) The station is the place you'll meet at.

(2) Someone be there at the station to meet you.

(3) Someone will meet you at the station.

(4) At the station you will be met.

Ans. (3) Someone will meet you at the station.

28. Choose the passive transformation of the following:

The company is going to increase overtime rates from next month.

(1) Overtime rates will increase from next month by the company.

(2) Overtime company will be rated increased from next month.

(3) Overtime rates are going to be increased from next month by the company.

(4) Next month increased rates by the overtime company.

Ans. (3) Overtime rates are going to be increased from next month by the company.

29. Combine the following sentences into a complex sentence, choose the correct option.

She is guilty. I know this.

(1) I know this and she is guilty. (Compound)

(2) I know that she is guilty.

(3)She is guilty but I know this. (Compound)

(4) She is neither guilty nor I know this. (Compound)

Ans. (2) I know that she is guilty.

Compound Sentence

FANBOYS - For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

30. The passive transformation of the following sentence is : They let us go.

(1) We were let go.

(2) We were gone.

(3) We were letted to go.

(4) We let go them.

Ans. (1) We were let go.

31. Change the given sentence correct passive voice and choose the into option : Kindly grant me a week's leave.

(1) A week's leave may kindly granted to him.

(2) You are requested to grant him a week's leave.

(3) I may kindly be granted a week's leave.

(4) A week's leave must be granted to me.

Ans. (3) I may kindly be granted a week's leave.

32. Change the following sentence into passive voice and choose the correct option : Who wrote this letter ?

(1) Whom was this letter written to

(2) By whom was this letter written by ?

(3) Who was this letter written to?

(4) By whom this letter is written?

Ans. (2) By whom was this letter written by ?

33.Change the, given sentence into passive and choose the correct option :

People believe that dreams come true.

(1) People believe that dreams come true.

(2) People are believed that dreams come true.

(3) It is believed that dreams come true.

(4) It is believed that dreams come true.

Ans. (3) It is believed that dreams come true.

34. Choose the direct speech transformation Ile of the following sentence

He advised me not to drive so fast if my brakes were bad.

(1) He told to me, "If my brakes are bad don't drive so fast."

(2) He said that, "when brakes are bad driving must be slow".

(3) said, "If your brakes are bad don't drive so fast.

(4) He advised to me, "Don't drive fast as brakes are bad,"

Ans. (3) said, "If your brakes are bad don't drive so fast.

35. The direct speech transformation the following sentence is : He called me a liar

(1)He said, “Lie down!”

(2) He told, “you lie!”

(3) He called out me, "Liar !"

(4) He said, "Lair !"

Ans. (4) He said, "Lair !"

36. Change the given sentence into indirect speech and choose the correct option: She said to the children,

"Do as I do”.

(1) She asked the children that they do as she did.

(2) She asked the children to do as she did

(3) She asked the children if they do as she did.

(4) She asked the children to do as I did.

Ans. (2) She asked the children to do as she did

37. Change the given sentence into indirect speech and choose the correct option :

He said, "My wife leaves for Delhi tomorrow",

(1) He said that his wife left for Delhi the next day.

(2) He said that his wife had left for Delhi the next day.

(3) He said that his wife will leave for Delhi the next day.

(4) He said that his wife would leave for Delhi the next day.

Ans. (4) He said that his wife would leave for Delhi the next day.

38. "Will you stand still ?" he shouted. The indirect speech of the above sentence transformation is :

(1) He shouted would he stand still.

(2) He shouted to me for standing still.

(3) He shouted at me to stand still.

(4)He shouted to me would I not stand still.

Ans. (3) He shouted at me to stand still.

39. Choose the option with the correct question tag.

(1) You seldom work on Saturdays, do you ?

(2) You seldom work on Saturdays, don’t you?

(3) You seldom work Saturdays, will you ?

(4) You seldom work on Saturdays, won't you ?

Ans. (1) You seldom work on Saturdays, do you ?

40. Change into negative : All students are talented.

(1) Nobody is perfected.

(2) Not all students untalented.

(3) None student is untalentable.

(4) No student is without talent.

Ans. (4) No student is without talent.

41. Choose the indirect speech transformation of the following sentence:

“I have just received a letter", he said, "I must go home".

(1) He said that he had just received a letter and (he) would have to go home.

(2) He said that having just received a letter he would had to go home.

(3) He said that he had just received a letter and would had to go home.

(4) He said that he had just received a letter and would have to go home.

Ans. (1) He said that he had just received a letter and (he) would have to go home.

42. Transform the following sentence into Interrogative:

He was a villain to do such a deed.

(1) Was he a villain to do such a deed?

(2) Was he a villain for such a deed ?

(3) Wes he not a villain to do such a deed ?

(4)Was it the deed of a villain?

Ans. (3) Wes he not a villain to do such a deed ?

43. Transform the following sentence into negative:

I was doubtful whether it was you.

(1) I was not doubtful whether it was you.

(2) I was not sure that it was you.

(3) I was never doubtful that it was you.

(4) I was sure that it was not you.

Ans. (2) I was not sure that it was you.

44. Change the following into a negative question choosing from the options given :

Did you have a good time yesterday ?

(1) Did you had not a good time yesterday?

(2) Did not you have not good time yesterday?

(3) Didn't you have a good time yesterday ?.

(4) Didn't you have not a not good time yesterday ?

Ans. (3) Didn't you have a good time yesterday ?.

45. ‘Peri Hypsous’ is the Greek treatise which is supposed to be written by Longinus. What is the English

translation of- ‘Peri Hypsous' ?

(1) Philological Discourses

(2) On the sublime

(3) Poetic Hyperboles

(4) From the Beginning

Ans. (2) On the sublime

• On the Sublime (Ancient Greek: Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-Greek era work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown but is conventionally referred to as Longinus or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.

• It is written in an epistolary form. The treatise is dedicated to Postumius Terentianus. On the Sublime is a compendium of literary exemplars, with about 50 authors spanning 1,000 years mentioned or quoted. Longinus defines sublime as man’s ability, through feeling and words, to reach beyond the realm of the human condition into greater mystery.

• Longinus sets out five sources of sublimity:

  1. Grandeur of thought

  2. Strong emotions

  3. Appropriate use of thought/figures and speech

  4. Noble diction

  5. Dignified word arrangement/composition

  The 'grandeur of thought' and 'strong emotion' is inborn gifts of nature. The rest three

  sources are the gifts of art.

46. Fill in the blank with the correct question tag:

Mohan doesn’t work hard ……………………?

(1) can he?

(2) must he?

(3) does he?

(4) would he?

Ans. (3) does he?

47. ‘Kumarasambhava' is an epic poem by Kalidas which deals with the theme of :

(1) Courting of Arjun - Subhadra and birth of Abhimanyu

(2) Courting of Shiva- Parvati and birth Of Skanda or Kartikeya

(3) Courting of Shri Krishna -Rukmini and birth of Pradyumna.

(4) Courting of Pururava-Urvashi and birth of Ayus.

Ans. (2) Courting of Shiva- Parvati and birth Of Skanda or Kartikeya

Kumārasaṃbhavam basically talks about the birth of Kumāra (Kārtikeya), the son of Shiva (Śiva) and Pārvatī (Umā).[4] The period of composition is uncertain, although Kalidasa is thought to have lived in the 5th century. Kumārasambhavam literally means "The Birth of Kumāra". Tārakāsura, an asura (demon) was blessed that he could be killed by none other than Shiva's son. However, Shiva had won over Kama, the god of love. Parvati performed great tapas (spiritual penance) to win the love of Shiva. Consequently, Shiva and Parvati's son Kartikeya was born to restore the glory of Indra, king of the devas.

48. Bharata's commentator. Abhinavagupta explains Bharata's Imitation as representation of men and women in different actions and,

(1) ways of seeing

(2) states of feeling

(3) kinds of actions

(4) types of thinking

Ans. (2) states of feeling

Bharata (thought to have lived between 200 BCE and 200 CE) was a muni (sage) of ancient India. He is traditionally attributed authorship of the influential performing arts treatise Natya Shastra, which covers ancient Indian dance, poetics, dramaturgy, and music. It is also notable for its aesthetic "Rasa" theory, which asserts that entertainment is the desired effect of performance arts but not the primary goal and that the primary goal is to transport the individual in the audience into another parallel reality, full of wonder, where he experiences the essence of his own consciousness and reflects on spiritual and moral questions.

Abhinavgupta (c. 950–1020) wrote Abhinavabhāratī commentary on Nāṭyaśāstra of Bharata Muni. According to Abhinavagupta, the aesthetic experience is the manifestation of the innate dispositions of the self, such as love and sorrow, by the self.

Rasa itself means states of being or feelng. These are: Sringara (erotic), Hasya (comic), Karuna (pathetic), Raudra (furious), Vira (heroic), Bhayanaka (terrible), Bibhatsa (odious), and Adbhuta (marvelous). These words mean states of feeling.

49. The concept of Auchitya (appropriateness) was developed by …………………………… in Indian poetics.

(1)Abhinavagupta

(2)Anandavardhana

(3)Kshemendra

(4) Kuntaka

Ans. (3)Kshemendra

Auchitya is a Hindi word taken from Sanskrit. It means justification, propriety, decency. Propriety can be defined in this context as the details or rules of behavior conventionally considered to be correct. Or that which is correct, appropriate, and fitting. The word Auchitya also contains the Hindi word “Uchit” which in English means “appropriate”

Kshemendra is the father of Auchitya theory. He introduced Auchitya in his book AuchutiyaVicharCharcha. Kshemendra was born in the present day Kashmir. He is one of the best Sanskrit poets of the 11th century. Kshemendra was the pupil of the famous philosopher and poet Abhinavgupta. “Auchitya is the soul of the poem.” -Kshemendra.

o use the elements of a poem such that they deliver essence in their appropriate place is called “Auchitya”. For example, to use Rasa, Alankara, Riti, etc.. in an appropriate place is Auchitya. The poem should explain or incorporate a Rasa wherever needed else it loses its beauty. There are 27 types of Auchitya.

Important theories of Indian Aesthetics:

• Bamaha’s – Alankara theory,

• Dandi’s – Guna Theory,

• Vamana’s Riti Theory,

• Anandavardhana’s Dhvani theory,

• Kuntakas – Vakrokti theory,

• Kshemendra’s Auchitya theory

50. The critical doctrine represented by Poetics and Ars Poetica was given the name classicism during the ……………….

(1) Renaissance

(2) Neo-classical period

(3) Victorian compromise

(4) Roman Wars

Ans. (1) Renaissance

51. Horace's 'Ars Poetica was written for-

(1) Archilochus and his sons

(2) Alcaeus and his sons

(3) Piso and his sons

(4) Plautus and his sons

Ans. (3) Piso and his sons

"Ars Poetica", or "The Art of Poetry" , sometimes referred to as the "Epistula ad Pisones", or "Epistle to the Pisos", is a poem written by Horace c. 19 BC, in which he advises poets on the art of writing poetry and drama

The poem was written in hexameter verse as an Epistle (or Letter) to Lucius Calpurnius Piso (the Roman senator and consul) and his two sons, and is sometimes referred to as the Epistula ad Pisones, or "Epistle to the Pisos". The first mention of its name as the "Ars Poetica" was c. 95 by the classical literary critic Quintilian in his Institutio Oratoria,[5] and since then it has been known by that name. The translations of the original epistle are typically in the form of prose. he Ars Poetica has "exercised a great influence in later ages on European literature, notably on French drama"

52. Piers Gavestone is a character from the play-

(1) Morte d'Arthur

(2) The Jew of Malta

(3) Tumberlain

(4)Edward I|

Ans. (4)Edward I|

Le Morte d'Arthur was first published in a printed edition in 1485 by William Caxton.

Le Morte d'Arthur (originally written as le morte Darthur; Anglo-Norman French for "The Death of Arthur")[ is a 15th-century Middle English prose reworking by Sir Thomas Malory of tales about the legendary King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table, along with their respective folklore. In order to tell a "complete" story of Arthur from his conception to his death, Malory compiled, rearranged, interpreted and modified material from various French and English sources. Today, this is one of the best-known works of Arthurian literature. Many authors since the 19th-century revival of the legend have used Malory as their principal source.

Victorian poet Alfred Tennyson retold the legends in the poetry volume Idylls of the King (1859 and 1885)

Plays by Christopher Marlowe

• Dido, Queen of Carthage (with possible contribution from Thomas Nashe)

• Doctor Faustus

• Edward II

• The Jew of Malta

• The Massacre at Paris

• Tamburlaine

• Piers Gavestone is a character in the play Edward ll. The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer, known as Edward II, is a Renaissance or early modern period play written by Christopher Marlowe. It is one of the earliest English history plays, and focuses on the relationship between King Edward II of England and Piers Gaveston, and Edward's murder on the orders of Roger Mortimer. Gaveston is Edward II's companion and (almost certainly) lover. The two men have known each other for some time by the time the play opens, but had recently been separated by Edward's father, the former king, who disapproved of the relationship.

53. The credit of Elizabethan poets (1557-1587) being introduced to the novelty of the Italianate discipline of the 14-line sonnet to Ottava rima and terza rima goes to :

(1) Geoffrey Chaucer

(2) Wyatt and Surrey

(3) William Shakespeare

(4) Virgil

Ans. (2) Wyatt and Surrey

Ottava Rima

• Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Originally used for long poems on heroic themes, it later came to be popular in the writing of mock-heroic works.

• The ottava rima stanza in English consists of eight iambic lines, usually iambic pentameters. Each stanza consists of three alternate rhymes and one double rhyme, following the ABABABCC rhyme scheme

• Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan.W.B. Yeats used it for “Among School Children” and “Sailing to Byzantium.” Lord Byron produced Beppo, his first poem to use the form. Shortly after this, Byron began working on his Don Juan (1819–1824), probably the best-known English poem in ottava rima. Byron also used the form for The Vision of Judgment (1822). In the 20th century, William Butler Yeats used the form in several of his best later poems, including "Sailing to Byzantium" and "Among School Children". So did Kenneth Koch (American poet, playwright, and professor) for instance in his autobiographical poem "Seasons on Earth" of 1987.

• From Byron's Don Juan

"Go, little book, from this my solitude! a
I cast thee on the waters – go thy ways! b
And if, as I believe, thy vein be good, a
The world will find thee after many days." b
When Southey's read, and Wordsworth understood, a
I can't help putting in my claim to praise – b
The four first rhymes are Southey's every line: c
For God's sake, reader! take them not for mine. c

Terza rima is a rhyming verse form, in which the poem, or each poem-section, consists of tercets (three-line stanzas) with an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme: The last word of the second line in one tercet provides the rhyme for the first and third lines in the tercet that follows (ABA BCB CDC). The poem or poem-section may have any number of lines (not divisible by 3), but it ends with either a single line or a couplet, which repeats the rhyme of the middle line of the previous tercet (YZY Z or YZY ZZ). Percy Bysshe Shelley used terza rima in his "Ode to the West Wind" and The Triumph of Life.

Ode to West Wind by P B Shelley

O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, A

Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead B

Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, A

Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, B

Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, C

Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed B

The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,

Each like a corpse within its grave, until

Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow

Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill

(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)

With living hues and odours plain and hill:

Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;

Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!

54. Who among the following was NOT one of those called 'University Coits'? (Wits)

(1)Thomas Kyd

(2) Christopher Marlowe

(3) Robert Greene

(4) William Shakespeare

Ans. (4) William Shakespeare

The "University Wits" were a group of late 16th-century English playwrights and pamphleteers who were educated at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge, particularly in the 1580s and 1590s. While the term wasn't used during their lifetimes, it was coined later by George Saintsbury in the 19th century in his work "A History of the Elizabethan Literature"(1894). This group significantly influenced the development of English drama and paved the way for William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare didn’t study in any university.

University Wits

1. Christopher Marlowe,

2. Thomas Nashe,

3. Robert Greene (Cambridge),

4. John Lyly,

5. Thomas Lodge, and

6. George Peele (Oxford)

7. Thomas Kyd (though not from either university, is also frequently included.) 

   Robert Greene one of the wits famously criticized Shakespeare as "...there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country."

55. Which of the following poems is not by the self acclaimed ‘Poet Laureate' John Skelton?

(1) Phyllyp Sparowe

(2) Collyn Clout

(3) The Tunnyng of Elynour Rummynge

(4) Confessio Amantis

Ans. (4) Confessio Amantic

Confessio Amantis ("The Lover's Confession") is a 33,000-line Middle English poem by John Gower, which uses the confession made by an ageing lover to the chaplain of Venus as a frame story for a collection of shorter narrative poems. According to its prologue, it was composed at the request of Richard II. It stands with the works of Chaucer, Langland, and the Pearl poet as one of the great works of late 14th-century English literature

John Skelton, also known as John Shelton (1463 – 1529) was an English poet, playwright, priest, and tutor to King Henry VIII of England. Writing in a period of linguistic transition between Middle English and Early Modern English, Skelton is one of the most important poets of the early Tudor period. As a poet, Skelton is mostly remembered for his invectives and satires, often written in a highly irregular metre now called Skeltonics. Skelton frequently signed himself "regius orator" and poet-laureate, but there is no record of any emoluments paid in connection with these dignities.

Important Works':

• The Boke of Phyllyp Sparowe, the lament of Jane Scroop, a schoolgirl for her dead bird. (poem)

• Colyn Cloute represents the average country man who gives his opinions on the state of the church.

• Speke, Parrot

• Why Come Ye nat to Courte?

• The Tunnynge of Elynoare Rummynge

• Magnificence (Morality Play)

  Skeltonic verse, also known as "tumbling verse," is a poetic form characterized by short lines (typically 3-6 words), irregular rhymes, and a lively, often humorous tone

56. “Pierce Penniless : His supplication to the Divell", a prose satire by Thomas Nash revolves around the theme of-

(1) Seven deadly sins

(2) Loitering of a vagabond

(3) Treasure hunt

(4) Travel to Hades

Ans. (1) Seven deadly sins

Thomas Nashe (1567–1601) was an English Elizabethan playwright, poet, satirist and a significant pamphleteer.  He is known for his novel The Unfortunate Traveller, his pamphlets including Pierce Penniless, and his numerous defences of the Church of England. He was one of the university wits. He studied in Cambridge. He arrived in London with his one exercise in euphuism, The Anatomy of Absurdity. His first appearance in print was his preface to Robert Greene's Menaphon, which offers a brief definition of art and overview of contemporary literature.

• 1589 The Anatomy of Absurdity

• 1589 Preface to Greene's Menaphon

• 1590 An Almond for a Parrot

• 1591 Preface to Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella

• 1592 Pierce Penniless

  • Pierce Penniless his Supplication to the Divell is a tall tale, or a prose satire, written by Thomas Nashe and published in London in 1592

  • It is written from the point of view of Pierce, a man who has not met with good fortune, who now bitterly complains of the world's wickedness, and addresses his complaints to the devil.

  • The supplication is based on the medieval theme of the Seven Deadly Sins, and enumerates each vice one after the other: Greed, and his wife Dame Niggardise; Pride and his mistress, Lady Swine-Snout; gluttony; sloth; etc.

  • Each vice is personified in the manner of a prosopopoeia, and provides an opportunity for the story to introduce various sinners, who are described with rich detail—as though they are costumed to appear onstage.

• 1592 Summer's Last Will and Testament (play performed 1592, published 1600 Major Characters Summer and Autumn)

  • “Adieu, farewell, earth’s bliss,”

  • “Fair summer droops” and

  • “Autumn hath all the summer’s fruitful treasure” are well known poems by Nashe are taken from this play.

• 1592 Strange News

• 1593 Christ's Tears over Jerusalem (a pamphlet dedicated to Lady Elizabeth Carey)

• 1594 Terrors of the Night (Or A Discourse of Apparitions)

• The Choise of Valentines (erotic poem)

• 1594 The Unfortunate Traveller

  • or, the Life of Jack Wilton is a picaresque novel by Thomas Nashe first published in 1594 but set during the reign of Henry VIII of England. In this adventurous and episodic work, Nashe's protagonist Jack Wilton navigates 16th-century Europe engaging with historical events. The story sees Jack swindle at a military camp, witness a massacre in Münster, and travels with Surrey. They meet literary figures, engage in deceit in Italy, and face various challenges. The narrative explores themes of religion, hypocrisy, and cultural differences. Jack's journey culminates in Italy, where he faces personal and moral dilemmas, ultimately leaving the "Sodom of Italy" with his wife Diamante.

• 1596 Have with You to Saffron-Walden

  • or, Gabriell Harveys Hunt Is Up" is the title of a pamphlet written by Thomas Nashe and published in London in late 1596 by John Danter. The work is Nashe's final shot in his four-year literary feud with Dr. Gabriel Harvey. It consists of title-page, epistle dedicatory, an address to "all Christian Readers", and a lengthy dialogue between five characters.

    The title page makes it clear to the reader that the purpose of the pamphlet is to attack Gabriel Harvey, whose 1593 pamphlet vilifying Nashe had until then gone unanswered. Saffron Walden was Harvey's birthplace and he seems to have withdrawn there to live sometime in 1593.

    The epistle dedicatory is to Richard Lichfield, a barber-surgeon of Cambridge noted for his ability to make humorous, mock-academic orations.

• 1597 Isle of Dogs (Lost, with Ben Jonson)

  • A satirical comedy, it was reported to the authorities as a "lewd plaie" full of seditious and "slanderous matter". While extant records do not indicate what gave offence, a reference in The Returne from Parnassus (II) suggests that Queen Elizabeth I herself was satirised. Other evidence suggests that Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham may have been the target.

  • The Isle of Dogs is a location in London on the opposite bank of the Thames to Greenwich, home of a royal palace, Placentia, where indeed the Privy Council met. It was also believed to be where the queen kennelled her dogs, hence the name. David Riggs suggests that the satire might have been related to portrayal of the queen's councillors as lapdogs

• 1599 Nashe's Lenten Stuffe (last known work)

It was traditionally believed that anti-martinist work "the renowned Cavaliero Pasquill" was written by Nashe. Nashe may also have contributed to Henry VI, Part 1, the play later published under Shakespeare's name as the first part of the Henry VI trilogy. Gary Taylor believes that Nashe was the principal author of the first act.

57. Confessio Amantis' was written by

(1) William

(2) Wycliff Langland

(3) John Gower

(4) William Dunbar

Ans. (3) John Gower

John Gower is remembered primarily for three major works—the Mirour de l'Omme, Vox Clamantis, and Confessio Amantis—three long poems written in French, Latin, and English respectively, which are united by common moral and political themes.

Confessio Amantis ("The Lover's Confession") is a 33,000-line Middle English poem by John Gower, which uses the confession made by an ageing lover to the chaplain of Venus as a frame story for a collection of shorter narrative poems. According to its prologue, it was composed at the request of Richard II. It stands with the works of Chaucer, Langland, and the Pearl poet as one of the great works of late 14th-century English literature. The Index of Middle English Verse shows that in the era before the printing press it was one of the most-often copied manuscripts (59 copies) along with Canterbury Tales (72 copies) and Piers Plowman (63 copies).

' 58. Who has written about Milton that he was- “a true poet and of the Devil's party without knowing it"?

(I) Dr. Johnson

(2) William Blake

(3) William Hazlitt

(4) Lord Byron

Ans. (2) William Blake

William Blake (1757-1827) was an English poet. He was also a printmaker. The 19th-century critic, writer and one of the seven founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 scholar William Michael Rossetti characterized him as a "glorious luminary". He wrote about Milton that he ‘was a true Poet and of the Devils party without knowing it’ in his work “The marriage of Heaven and Hell”. He proceeds to claim that *Milton’s Satan was truly his Messiah. The work was composed between 1790 and 1793, in the period of radical ferment and political conflict during the French Revolution. The title is an ironic reference to Emanuel Swedenborg's theological work Heaven and Hell, published in Latin 33 years earlier. It is a prose work, introduced by a short poem (‘Rintrah roars and shakes his fires in the burden’d air’). It consists of a sequence of paradoxical aphorisms in which Blake turns conventional morality on its head, claiming that man does not consist of the duality of Soul=Reason and Body=Evil, but that ‘Man has no Body distinct from his Soul…Energy is the only life, and is from the Body…Energy is Eternal Delight.’ it was published as printed sheets from etched plates containing prose, poetry, and illustrations. The plates were then coloured by Blake and his wife Catherine. The book is written in prose, except for the opening "Argument" and the "Song of Liberty". The book describes the poet's visit to Hell, a device adopted by Blake from Dante's Divine Comedy and Milton's Paradise Lost.

William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790-93)

Those who restrain desire, do so because theirs is weak enough to be restrained; and the restrainer or reason usurps its place & governs the unwilling.
And being restrain'd it by degrees becomes passive till it is only the shadow of desire.
The history of this is written in Paradise Lost, & the Governor or Reason is call'd Messiah.
And the original Archangel or possessor of the command of the heavenly host, is call'd the Devil or Satan and his children are call'd Sin & Death.
But in the Book of Job Miltons Messiah is call'd Satan.
For this history has been adopted by both parties.
It indeed appear'd to Reason as if Desire was cast out, but the Devil's account is, that the Messiah fell, & formed a heaven of what he stole from the Abyss.

This is shewn in the Gospel, where he prays to the Father to send the comforter or Desire that Reason may have Ideas to build on, the Jehovah of the Bible being no other than he who dwells in flaming fire.
Know that after Christs death, he became Jehovah.
But in Milton; the Father is Destiny, the Son, a Ratio of the five senses, & the Holy-ghost, Vacuum!
Note: The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & God, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true Poet and of the Devils party without knowing it.

John Milton (1608-1674) Once Paradise Lost(1667) was published, Milton's stature as an epic poet was immediately recognized. He cast a formidable shadow over English poetry in the 18th and 19th centuries; he was often judged equal or superior to all other English poets, including Shakespeare. Very early on, though, he was championed by Whigs, and decried by Tories.

More of Milton’s Criticism:

• John Dryden “Epigram on Milton” (1688)

  • Three Poets, in three distant Ages born,
    Greece, Italy, and England did adorn.
     The First in loftiness of thought surpassed;
     The Next in Majesty; in both the Last.
     The force of Nature could no farther go:
     To make a third she joined the former two

• John Dryden, an early enthusiast, in 1677 began the trend of describing Milton as the poet of the sublime. Dryden's The State of Innocence and the Fall of Man: an Opera (1677) is evidence of an immediate cultural influence. In 1695

• The State of Innocence is a dramatic work by John Dryden, originally intended as the libretto to an opera. It was written around 1673–4, and first published in 1677. The work is a rhymed adaption of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, and retells the Biblical story of the fall of man.

59. "And Pan did after Syrinx speed

Not as a nymph, but for a reed."

Who is Pan in Greek mythology in the above extract from Andrew Marvell's poem ?

(1) a pasturer

(2) a prince

(3) a fertility deity

(4) a nymph

Ans. (3) a fertility deity

Andrew Marvell (1621–1678) was an English metaphysical poet, satirist and politician. He was a colleague and friend of John Milton.

• In 1651–52 he was tutor to Mary, daughter of Lord Fairfax, the Parliamentary general, at Nun Appleton, Yorkshire, during which time he probably wrote his notable poems “Upon Appleton House” and “The Garden” as well as his series of Mower poems.

• Although earlier opposed to Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth government, he wrote “An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland” (1650)In 1657 he became assistant to John Milton as Latin secretary in the foreign office. “The First Anniversary” (1655) and “On the Death of O.C.” (1659) showed his continued and growing admiration for Cromwell. His "Horatian Ode", a political poem dated to 1650, responds with sadness to the regicide, despite the overall praise towards Oliver Cromwell's return from Ireland. Marvell contributed an eloquent prefatory poem, entitled "On Mr. Milton's Paradise Lost", to the second edition of Milton's epic Paradise Lost.

• After the restoration of Charles II in 1660, Marvell turned to political verse satires—the most notable was The Last Instructions to a Painter, against Lord Clarendon, Charles’s lord chancellor—and prose political satire, notably The Rehearsal Transpros’d (1672–73)

• While Marvell’s political reputation has faded and his reputation as a satirist is on a par with others of his time, his small body of lyric poems, first recommended in the 19th century by Charles Lamb, has since appealed to many readers, and in the 20th century he came to be considered one of the most notable poets of his century. Marvell was eclectic: his “To His Coy Mistress” is a classic of Metaphysical poetry; the Cromwell odes are the work of a classicist; his attitudes are sometimes those of the elegant Cavalier poets; and his nature poems resemble those of the Puritan Platonists. In “To His Coy Mistress,” which is one of the most famous poems in the English language, the impatient poet urges his mistress to abandon her false modesty and submit to his embraces before time and death rob them of the opportunity to love:

Had we but world enough, and time,

This coyness, lady, were no crime.…

But at my back I always hear

Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near;

And yonder all before us lie

Deserts of vast eternity.…

The grave’s a fine and private place,

But none, I think, do there embrace.…

60. Religio Medici and Hydriotaphia were written by

(1) Thomas Nashe

(2) Sir Thomas Browne

(3) Sir Philip Sidney

(4) John Lyly

Ans. (2) Sir Thomas Browne

Sir Thomas Browne (1605 – 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric. His writings display a deep curiosity towards the natural world, influenced by the Scientific Revolution of Baconian enquiry and are permeated by references to Classical and Biblical sources as well as the idiosyncrasies of his own personality. Although often described as suffused with melancholia, Browne's writings are also characterised by wit and subtle humour, while his literary style is varied, according to genre, resulting in a rich, unique prose which ranges from rough notebook observations to polished Baroque eloquence.

• "Religio Medici, Hydriotaphia, and the Letter to a Friend" by Sir Thomas Browne is a collection of philosophical and religious essays written in the 17th century. The work is significant for its exploration of spirituality, mortality, and the human condition, reflecting the complexity of Browne's thoughts as a physician and a thinker during a transformative period in history.

• Browne's first literary work was Religio Medici (The Religion of a Physician). It surprised him when an unauthorised edition appeared in 1642, which included unorthodox religious speculations. An authorised text appeared in 1643, with some of the more controversial views removed. Religio Medici (The Religion of a Doctor) by Sir Thomas Browne is a spiritual testament and early psychological self-portrait. Browne mulls over the relation between his medical profession and his Christian faith.

• Part 1 is Structured upon the Christian virtues of Faith and Hope and part 2 is about charity. Browne expresses his beliefs in the doctrine of sola fide (justification by faith alone), the existence of hell, the Last Judgment, the resurrection and other tenets of Christianity.

• In 1646 Browne published his encyclopaedia, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, or, Enquiries into Very many Received Tenents, and commonly Presumed Truths, the title of which refers to the prevalence of false beliefs and "vulgar errors".

• Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial, or, a Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk is a work by Sir Thomas Browne, published in 1658 as the first part of a two-part work that concludes with The Garden of Cyrus.The title is Greek for "urn burial": A hydria is a large Greek pot, and taphos means "tomb". Its nominal subject was the discovery of some 40 to 50 Anglo-Saxon pots in Norfolk. The discovery of these remains prompts Browne to deliver, first, a description of the antiquities found, and then a survey of most of the burial and funerary customs, ancient and current, of which his era was aware.The most famous part of the work is the apotheosis of the fifth chapter, where Browne declaims:

• But man is a Noble Animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave, solemnizing Nativities and Deaths with equal lustre, nor omitting Ceremonies of bravery, in the infamy of his nature. Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible Sun within us.

• George Saintsbury, in the Cambridge History of English Literature (1911), calls the totality of Chapter V "the longest piece, perhaps, of absolutely sublime rhetoric to be found in the prose literature of the world."

• Derek Walcott uses an excerpt as the epigraph to his poem "Ruins of a Great House", while Edgar Allan Poe quotes the Urn Burial in the epigraph of "The Murders in the Rue Morgue".

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (American Author) said that it "smells in every word of the sepulchre"

• His Other Works.

  • The Garden of Cyrus (1658)

  • A Letter to a Friend (1690)

  • Christian Morals (1716)

  • Musaeum Clausum Tract 13 from Miscellaneous Tracts (1684)

• The English author Virginia Woolf wrote two short essays about him, observing in 1923, "Few people love the writings of Sir Thomas Browne, but those who do are the salt of the earth."

61. "Nature never set forth the earth in so rich tapestry as diverse poets have done” says Sir Philip Sidney.

[ What role does he ascribe to the poet ?

(1) a crusader in war

(2) a creator of imaginaries

(3) an imitator of nature

(4) a satirist of men and manners

Ans. (2) a creator of imaginaries

He means to say “Jahan na pahunche ravi, vaha pahunche

“Nature never set forth the earth in so rich tapestry as divers poets have done; neither with so pleasant rivers, fruitful trees, sweet-smelling flowers, not whatsoever else may make the too-much-loved earth more lovely; her world is brazen, the poets only deliver a golden.”

Sir Philip Sidney wrote the most important criticism work of renaissance period. An Apology for Poetry (or The Defence of Poesy) is a work of literary criticism by Elizabethan poet Philip Sidney. It was written in approximately 1580 and first published in 1595, after his death. (PB Shelley- A Defence of Poetry)

• It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defense is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage.

• According to SIdney, there are three kinds of poetry: Religious, Philosophical and Imaginative. Poetry is written by "right poets" who "teach and delight"

• To Sidney the poet is not tied to any subjection. He saw art as equivalent to "skill", a profession to be learned or developed, and nature as the objective, empirical world. The poet can invent, and thus in effect grows another nature.

• Sidney writes that there "is no art delivered to mankind that hath not the works of nature for his principal object". The poet then does not depart from external nature. His works are "imitation" or "fiction", made of the materials of nature, and are shaped by the artist's vision. This vision is one that demands the reader's awareness of the art of imitation created through the "maker", the poet. Sidney's notion of "fore-conceit" means that a conception of the work must exist in the poet's mind before it is written. Free from the limitations of nature, and independent from nature, poetry is capable of "making things either better than Nature bringeth forth, or, quite anew, forms such as never were in Nature".

• He reconfigures Plato's argument against poets by saying poets are "the least liar". Poets never claim to know the truth, nor “make circles around your imagination,” nor rely on authority. As an expression of a cultural attitude descending from Aristotle, Sidney, when stating that the poet "never affirmeth", makes the claim that all statements in literature are hypothetical or pseudo-statements. Sidney as a traditionalist, however, gives attention to drama in contradistinction to poetry. Drama, writes Sidney, is “observing neither rules of honest civility nor of skillful poetry” and thus cannot do justice to this genre.

62. Who, among the following, is NOT a 'Cavalier' of Caroline poets?

(1) Thomas Carew

(2) Thomas Love Peacock

(3) Richard Lovelace

(4)Sir John Suckling

Ans. (2) Thomas Love Peacock

Cavaliers A name given to supporters of Charles I in the Civil War, derived from the Italian for horseman or knight. ‘Cavalier lyrics’ is the term applied to lyrics by Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, John Suckling, and Robert Herrick, all of whom were influenced by Ben Jonson

Sir John Suckling :

His chief works are included in Fragmenta Aurea (1646) and consist of poems, plays, letters, and tracts, among them the famous ‘Ballad upon a Wedding’. His ‘Sessions of the Poets’, in which various writers of the day, including Ben *Jonson, Thomas *Carew, and Sir William *D’Avenant, contend for the laurel, was written in 1637, and is interesting as an expression of contemporary opinion on these writers. Suckling’s play Aglaura (with two fifth acts, one tragic, the other not) was lavishly staged and printed in 1638 at his own expense. The Goblins (1646), a romantic drama in which outlaws disguise themselves as devils, was said by John Dryden to illustrate Suckling’s professed admiration for William Shakespeare, ‘his Reginella being an open imitation of Shakespeare’s Miranda; his spirits, though counterfeit, yet are copied from Ariel.’ Brennoralt (1646), an expansion of the Discontented Colonel (1640), a tragedy, is interesting for the light which the melancholy colonel throws on the author himself. The plays are, however, chiefly valuable for their lyrics, and Suckling has enjoyed a steady reputation as one of the most elegant and brilliant of the Cavalier poets. D’Avenant speaks of his sparkling wit, describing him further as the greatest gallant and gamester of his day. According to Aubrey, he invented the game of cribbage.

Among the best known of his minor pieces are the "Ballade upon a Wedding", for the marriage of Roger Boyle, afterwards Earl of Orrery, and Lady Margaret Howard, "I prithee, send me back my heart," "Out upon it, I have loved three whole days together," and "Why so pale and wan, fond lover?" from Aglaura.

Thomas Carew:

He won the favour of Charles I, was appointed to an office at court, and received an estate from him. His elegy for John Donne was published with Donne’s poems in 1633, his masque Coelum Britannicum (with settings by Inigo Jones) was performed before the king in 1634, and his Poems appeared in 1640. his works include many graceful, witty, and often cynical songs and lyrics, and several longer poems, including the erotic ‘A Rapture’, and ‘To Saxham’, a country-house poem in the genre of Ben *Jonson’s ‘To Penshurst’

Richard Lovelace:

Having presented a ‘Kentish Petition’ to the House of Commons in 1642, he was thrown into the Gatehouse prison, where he is supposed to have written the song ‘To Althea’ (‘stone walls do not a prison make’). He rejoined Charles I in 1645, and served with the French king in 1646.

He was imprisoned again in 1648 and in prison prepared for the press his Lucasta: Epodes, Odes, Sonnets, Songs etc., which includes the well-known lyric ‘On Going to the Wars’. He died in extreme poverty. After his death his brother published his remaining verses, Lucasta: Posthume Poems. He wrote two plays, now lost. During the earlier part of the 18th century his work was entirely neglected, until Thomas *Percy reprinted two of his lyrics in his Reliques (1765).

His most quoted excerpts are from the beginning of the last stanza of "To Althea, From Prison":

Stone walls do not a prison make,

Nor iron bars a cage;

Minds innocent and quiet take

That for an hermitage

and the end of "To Lucasta. Going to the Warres":

I could not love thee, dear, so much,

Lov'd I not Honour more.

63."Was this the face that launched a thousand ships And burnt the topless towers of Ilium".In which of the following literary works does these lines occur ?

(1) Troilus and Crisevde

(2) Rape of the lock

(3) Duchess of Malf

(4) Dr Faustus

Ans. (4) Dr Faustus

• A drama in blank verse and prose by Christopher *Marlowe, published 1604 and, in a radically different version known as the ‘B text’, 1616. Its date of composition is uncertain; the earliest known performance was by the Lord Admiral’s Men in 1594.

• It is perhaps the first dramatization of the medieval legend of a man who sold his soul to the devil, and who became identified with a Dr Faustus, a necromancer of the 16th century. The legend appeared in the Faustbuch, first published at Frankfurt in 1587, and was translated into English as The History of the Damnable Life and Deserved Death of Doctor John Faustus. Marlowe’s play follows this translation in the general outline of the story, though not in the conception of the principal character, who from a mere magician becomes a man thirsting for infinite power, ambitious to be ‘great Emperor of the world’

• Faustus, weary of the sciences, turns to magic and calls up Mephistopheles, making a compact to surrender his soul to the devil in return for 24 years of life; during these Mephistopheles shall attend on him and give him all he demands. Then follow a number of scenes in which the compact is executed, notable among them the calling up of Helen of Troy, where Faustus addresses Helen in the well‐known line: ‘Was this the face that launched a thousand ships…’ Faustus’s anguish as the hour for the surrender of his soul draws near is poignantly depicted.

64. The following lines are from :

"But far more numerous was the head of such. Who think too little

and talk too much",

(1) Absalom and Achitophel

(2) Mac Flecknoe

(3) Rape of the Lock

(4) Essay on Criticism

Ans. (1) Absalom and Achitophel

Absalom and Achitophel is a celebrated satirical poem by John Dryden, written in heroic couplets and first published in 1681. The poem tells the Biblical tale of the rebellion of Absalom against King David; in this context it is an allegory used to represent a story contemporary to Dryden, concerning King Charles II and the Exclusion Crisis (1679–1681). The poem also references the Popish Plot (1678).

Among public figures given biblical identities are Monmouth (Absalom), Shaftesbury (Achitophel), the duke of Buckingham (Zimri), Charles II (David), Titus Oates (Corah), and Slingsby Bethel, sheriff of London (Shimei). David concludes the poem with a speech affirming Royalist principles, and asserting his determination to govern ruthlessly if he cannot do so mercifully.

In 1681 in England, Charles II was aged 51. He had a number of mistresses and had produced a number of illegitimate children. One of these was James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth, who was very popular, both for his personal charisma and for his fervor for the Protestant cause. Charles had no legitimate child to be his heir, and his brother, the future King James II, was openly a Roman Catholic. When Charles's health suffered, there was a panic in the House of Commons over the potential for the nation being ruled by a Roman Catholic king. The Earl of Shaftesbury had sponsored and advocated the Exclusion Bill, which would prevent James from succeeding to the throne, but this bill was blocked by the House of Lords on two occasions. In the spring of 1681, at the Oxford Parliament, Shaftesbury appealed to Charles to legitimise Monmouth. Monmouth was caught preparing to rebel and seek the throne, and Shaftesbury was suspected of fostering this rebellion. The poem was written, possibly at Charles's behest, and published in early November 1681. On 24 November 1681, Shaftesbury was seized and charged with high treason. A trial before a jury picked by Whig sheriffs acquitted him. Later, after the death of his father, the Duke of Monmouth—unwilling to see his uncle James become King—executed his plans and went into full revolt. The Monmouth Rebellion was put down, and in 1685 the Duke was executed.

In 1682 a second part appeared, mainly written by Nahum Tate, but with 200 lines by Dryden attacking two literary and political enemies, Thomas Shadwell as Og and Elkanah Settle as Doeg.

Beginning:

In pious times, ere priest-craft did begin,

Before polygamy was made a sin;

When man, on many, multipli'd his kind,

Ere one to one was cursedly confin'd:

When Nature prompted, and no Law deni'd

Promiscuous use of concubine and bride;

Then, Israel's monarch, after Heaven's own heart,

His vigorous warmth did variously impart

To wives and slaves: and, wide as his command,

Scatter'd his Maker's image through the land.

Michal, of royal blood, the crown did wear;

A soil ungrateful to the tiller's care:

Not so the rest; for several mothers bore

To god-like David, several sons before.

But since like slaves his bed they did ascend,

No true succession could their seed attend.

Of all this numerous progeny was none

So beautiful, so brave, as Absalom:

Whether, inspir'd by some diviner lust,

His father got him with a greater gust;

Or that his conscious destiny made way,

By manly beauty to imperial sway.

65. Who said: Patriotism is not necessarily included in rebellion. A man may hate his king, yet not love his country".

(1) J.S.Mill

(2) John Dryden

(3) Samuel Johnson

(4) Bertrand Russell

Ans. (3) Samuel Johnson

The lines have been taken from “The Patriot”. The Patriot (1774) was designed to influence an upcoming election. Johnson had become disillusioned in the 1740s with those members of the political opposition who attacked the government on “patriotic” grounds only to behave similarly once in power. This essay examines expressions of false patriotism and includes in that category justifications of “the ridiculous claims of American usurpation.

On the title page :

They bawl for freedom in their senseless mood,
  Yet still revolt when truth would set them free
  License they mean, when they cry liberty,
For who loves that must first be wise and good. —-MILTON

66. Who among the following characters is portrayed by Richard Steel in the 'Spectator Club'?

(1)Roland D'Boys

(2) Sir William Temple

(3) Arthur Hallam

(4) Will Honeycomb

Ans. (4) Will Honeycomb

A periodical conducted by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison, from 1 March 1711 to 6 December 1712, succeeding the Tatler. It was revived by Addison in 1714, when 80 further numbers (556- 635) were issued. It appeared daily, except Sundays, and was immensely popular with a middle-class and professional readership; it was strongly associated with London and its new meeting places, especially coffee houses. Addison and Steele were the principal contributors, in about equal proportions; other contributors included Alexander Pope, Thomas Tickell, Eustace Budgell (1686–1737), Ambrose Philips, Laurence Eusden, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. The papers seek ‘to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality’

The papers are mainly concerned with contemporary manners, morals, and literature; the most important literary papers are Addison’s nineteen papers on Paradise Lost and his eleven essays on the ‘pleasures of the imagination’.

Major Characters:

• Sir Roger de Coverley, who represents the Tory-inclined country gentry

• the Whig merchant Sir Andrew Freeport

• Captain Sentry of the army

• Will Honeycomb, a man about town

• Mr Spectator himself, who writes the papers, is a man of travel and learning, who frequents London as an observer, but (for the most part) keeps clear of political faction.

67. "Oh Happy Age ! Oh times like those alone By Fate reserv’d or great Augustus' Throne !"

In the above lines which monarch is John Dryden praising and in which poem ?

(1) Shaftesbury in Absalom _ and Achitophel

(2) David in Mac Flecknoe

(3) Charles II in 'Astraea Redux"

(4) Shadwell in The Medal

Ans. (3) Charles II in 'Astraea Redux"

Astraea Redux, written by John Dryden in 1660, is a royalist panegyric in which Dryden welcomes the new regime of King Charles II. He also composed Heroique Stanzas that Dryden composed for Oliver Cromwell's death. In the former, Dryden apologizes for his allegiance with the Cromwellian government. Dryden was later excused by Samuel Johnson for this change in allegiance when he wrote, 'if he changed, he changed with the nation.” (The Lives of the Poets)

68. Who out of the following is NOT a Neoclassical critic ?

(1) Samuel Johnson

(2)Alexander Pope

(3) John Dryden

(4) Thomas Carlyle

Ans. (4) Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle(1795-1881) was a Victorian critic. He was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher. Known as the "sage of Chelsea", his writings strongly influenced the intellectual and artistic culture of the Victorian era.

He initially gained prominence in English-language literary circles for his extensive writing on German Romantic literature and philosophy. ‘Signs of the Times’, an attack on Utilitarianism, appeared in 1829. These themes were explored in his first major work, a semi-autobiographical philosophical novel entitled Sartor Resartus (1833–34).

• In 1834 the Carlyles moved to Cheyne Row, Chelsea, where he worked on his History of the French Revolution, which appeared in 1837. Its popular success made him a celebrity, prompting the collection and reissue of his earlier essays under the title of Miscellanies. His subsequent works were highly regarded throughout Europe and North America, including

  • On Heroes (1841),

  • Past and Present (1843),

  • Cromwell's Letters (1845),

  • Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), and

  • Frederick the Great (1858–65)

• In Chartism (1839) and Past and Present (1843) Carlyle applied himself to what he called ‘the Condition-of England question’, attacking both laissez-faire and the dangers of revolution it encouraged, castigating an economic and political climate where Cash Payment had become ‘the sole nexus between man and man’, and manifesting with more passion than consistency a sympathy with the industrial poor which heralded the new novels of social consciousness of the 1840s.

69. In which critique of his did Lord Byron lampoon even Wordsworth and Coleridge as the "Scribbling Crew"

(1) Don Juan

(2) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers

(3) Vision of Judgement

(4) Child Harold's Pilgrimage

Ans. (2) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers

A satirical poem by Lord Byron in heroic couplets, published 1809. Angered by Henry Brougham’s contemptuous criticism of his Hours of Idleness in the Edinburgh Review. Byron replied with this witty and spirited attack on Francis Jeffrey, Robert Southey, William Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge, and Walter Scott. He also poured patrician mockery on the ‘doggrel’ and ‘childish prattle’ of many of the minor poets and poetasters (William Bowles, Joseph Cottle, and many others) of the Romantic movement, while upholding and defending those (e.g. William Gifford, George Crabbe) who continued to sustain the classical traditions of John Dryden and Alexander Pope. It is a fine piece of invective, filled with woundingly memorable insults. The poem was first published anonymously, in March 1809, and a second, expanded edition followed in 1809, with Byron identified as the author.

70. Which among the following books was written by Edmund Burke ?

(1) The Scottish Chiefs

(2) Melincourt

(3) The Lay of the Last Ministrel

(4) Reflection on the Revolution in France

Ans. (4) Reflection on the Revolution in France

By Edmund Burke, published 1790. He wrote it against the French Revolution. The treatise was provoked by Richard Price’s Discourse of the Love of our Country, delivered November 1789, in which Price exulted in the French Revolution and asserted that the king of England owed his throne to the choice of the people, who are at liberty to remove him for misconduct.

The Norton Anthology of English Literature describes Reflections as becoming the "most eloquent statement of British conservatism favoring monarchy, aristocracy, property, hereditary succession, and the wisdom of the ages."

Soon after the fall of the Bastille in 1789, the French aristocrat Charles-Jean-François Depont asked his impressions of the Revolution and Burke replied with two letters. The longer, second letter, drafted after he read Richard Price's speech A Discourse on the Love of Our Country in January 1790, became Reflections on the Revolution in France. Published in November 1790, the work was an instant bestseller as thirteen thousand copies were purchased in the first five weeks and by the following September had gone through eleven editions.

71. Pity would be no more If we did not make somebody poor...

In which of the following poems do the above lines appear ?

(1) William Blake's 'The Human Abstract’

(2) Shelley's “Triumph of Life"

(3) Wordsworth's "Ode to Duty"

(4) Lord Byron's Child Herold's Pilgrimage

Ans. (1) William Blake's 'The Human Abstract’

"The Human Abstract" is a poem written by the English poet William Blake. It was published as part of his collection Songs of Experience in 1794. Critics of the poem have noted it as demonstrative of Blake's metaphysical poetry and its emphasis on the tension between the human and the divine.

72.Anticipating the romantic emphasis on poetic imagination, which among the following poets writes:

To see a world in a grain of sand

And a heaven in a wild flower,

Hold infinity in the palm of your hand

And eternity in an hour.

(1)Thomas Gray

(2) Robert Burns

(3) William Blake

(4) Wiliam Cowper

Ans. (3) William Blake

The lines are taken from “The Auguries of Innocence” by W Blake.

73. Establishing Dr Johnson's reputation for posterity, who called Johnson's mind 'a vast amphi-theatre’?

(1) James Boswell

(2) Edmund Burke

(3) Oliver Goldsmith

(4) Jonathan Swift

Ans. (1) James Boswell

The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791) by James Boswell is a biography of English writer and literary critic Samuel Johnson. The work was from the beginning a universal critical and popular success, and represents a landmark in the development of the modern genre of biography. Many have called it the greatest biography written in English, one of the greatest biographies ever written, and among the greatest nonfiction books of all time.

74. "O Latest born and Loveliest vision far

Of all Olympus` faded hierarchy !"

Who is referred to in the above lines by John Keats?

(1) Helen

(2) St. Agnes

(3) Dryad

(4) Psyche

Ans. (4) Psyche

In 1819, John Keats composed six odes, which are among his most famous and well-regarded poems. Keats wrote the first five poems,

• "Ode on a Grecian Urn",

• "Ode on Indolence",

• "Ode on Melancholy",

• "Ode to a Nightingale", and

• "Ode to Psyche" in quick succession during the spring, and he composed

• "To Autumn" in September. While the exact order in which Keats composed the poems is unknown, but "Ode to Psyche" was probably written first and "To Autumn" last.

"Ode to Psyche" is Keats's 67 line ode. "Ode to Psyche," one of the earliest of Keats's famous odes, was published in 1820, appearing in his final collection, Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems. In the poem, a wandering speaker finds Psyche (goddess of the soul and mind) asleep in the arms of Eros (god of love). Awestruck by Psyche's beauty, the speaker vows to build her a temple—not from stone, but from his imagination. Through visions of the rich worlds inside the speaker's own mind, the poem celebrates the imagination's awesome and mysterious creative power.

Beginning:

O Goddess! hear these tuneless numbers, wrung

          By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear,

And pardon that thy secrets should be sung

          Even into thine own soft-conched ear:

Surely I dreamt to-day, or did I see

          The winged Psyche with awaken'd eyes?

I wander'd in a forest thoughtlessly,

          And, on the sudden, fainting with surprise,

Saw two fair creatures, couched side by side

          In deepest grass, beneath the whisp'ring roof

          Of leaves and trembled blossoms, where there ran

                A brooklet, scarce espied:

75. Lewis Carrol's play with language is called-

(1) Houyhnhmn

(2) Malapropism

(3) Jabberwocky

(4) Spoonerism

Ans. (3) Jabberwocky

"Jabberwocky" is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll about the killing of a creature named "the Jabberwock". It was included in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865). The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of the Looking-Glass world. Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning

Houyhnhnms are a fictional race of intelligent horses described in the last part of Jonathan Swift's satirical 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels. The name is pronounced either /ˈhuːɪnəm/ or /ˈhwɪnəm/. Swift apparently intended all words of the Houyhnhnm language to echo the neighing of horses.

A malapropism (also called a malaprop, acyrologia or Dogberryism) is the incorrect use of a word in place of a word with a similar sound, either unintentionally or for comedic effect, resulting in a nonsensical, often humorous utterance. "He was the very pineapple of politeness.": (Should be "pinnacle")

• The word "malapropism" (and its earlier form, "malaprop") comes from a character named "Mrs. Malaprop" in Richard Brinsley Sheridan's 1775 play The Rivals. Mrs. Malaprop frequently misspeaks (to comic effect) by using words which do not have the meaning that she intends but which sound similar to words that do.

A spoonerism is an occurrence of speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched (see metathesis) between two words of a phrase. These are named after the Oxford don and priest William Archibald Spooner, who reportedly commonly spoke in this way. Examples include saying "blushing crow" instead of "crushing blow", or "runny babbit" instead of "bunny rabbit".

76. Alfred Tennyson's poem ……………………….. incorporates the Arthurian legend and the Holy Grail myth.

(1) Idylls of the King

(2) Lotus Eaters

(3) Ulysses

(4)Mariana

Ans. (1) Idylls of the King, published between 1859 and 1885, is a cycle of twelve narrative poems by the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892; Poet Laureate from 1850) which retells the legend of King Arthur, his knights, his love for Guinevere and her tragic betrayal of him, and the rise and fall of Arthur's kingdom.

The Idylls are written in blank verse. Tennyson's descriptions of nature are derived from observations of his own surroundings, collected over the course of many years. The dramatic narratives are not an epic either in structure or tone, but derive elegiac sadness in the style of the idylls of Theocritus. Idylls of the King is often read as an allegory of the societal conflicts in Britain during the mid-Victorian era. Tennyson based his retelling primarily on Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur and the Mabinogion,

The first four were published in 1859 as ‘Enid’, ‘Vivien’, ‘Elaine’, and *‘Guinevere’. In 1869 followed ‘The Coming of Arthur’, ‘The *Holy Grail’, *‘Pelleas and Ettarre’, and ‘The Passing of Arthur’. The Last Tournament’ was published in the *Contemporary Review in 1871, then, with *‘Gareth and Lynette’, in 1872. *‘Balin and Balan’, written 1872–4, did not appear until 1885.

The Idylls present the story of *Arthur, from his first meeting with Guinevere to the ruin of the realm in the ‘last, dim, weird battle of the west’. The focus of most of the poems, however, is on other characters’ stories, each offering a picture of the realm. The adultery of Guinevere and Lancelot may be a force that destroys the bright hopes of Camelot and the idealism of the Round Table

77. The title of Thomas Hardy's novel - Far From the Madding Crowd was inspired by

(1) Chaucer's Prologue to Canterbury Tales

(2) Wordsworth's ""Tintern Abbey"

(3) Shakespeare's As You Like It

(4) Thomas Gray's "elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"

Ans. (4) Thomas Gray's "elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"

• A novel by Thomas *Hardy, published 1874. The title is a quotation from Gray’s *Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard. The theme, in this and other novels by Hardy, is the contrast of a patient and generous love with unscrupulous passion. The plot was more complex and dramatic than anything Hardy had previously attempted, and the book quickly achieved a wide popularity, which has endured.

• The novel is set in Thomas Hardy's Wessex in rural southwest England, as had been his earlier Under the Greenwood Tree. It deals in themes of love, honour and betrayal, against a backdrop of the seemingly idyllic, but often harsh, realities of a farming community in Victorian England. It describes the life and relationships of Bathsheba Everdene with her lonely neighbour William Boldwood, the faithful shepherd Gabriel Oak, and the faithless soldier Sgt. Frank Troy.

• The shepherd Gabriel Oak serves the young and spirited Bathsheba Everdene, owner of the farm, with unselfish devotion. She depends on his support, but cannot regard him as a suitor. Another of her admirers is a neighbouring farmer, Boldwood. The dashing Sergeant Troy loves one of Bathsheba’s servants, Fanny Robin, but after a fatal misunderstanding deserts her, and she eventually dies in childbirth in the workhouse. Troy has meanwhile captivated and married Bathsheba, but soon begins to neglect and ill‐treat her. When he hears of Fanny’s death he disappears, and is thought to have been drowned. Farmer Boldwood, now obsessed with Bathsheba, gives a party at which he pledges Bathsheba to marry him some time in the future. Troy reappears at the party and Boldwood, driven to madness by his reappearance, shoots him. Boldwood is tried and pronounced insane. Gabriel and Bathsheba are at last married.

• Hardy’s novel Under the Greenwood Tree’s(1872) title is inspired from As You Like It by W Shakespeare.

78. Who is the romantic critic who asserted that "Poets. .. are not only the authors of language and music, of dance and architecture... they are the institutors of laws and the founders of civil society.."?

(1) William Wordsworth

(2) S.T.Coleridge

(3) John Keats

(4) P.B. Shelley

Ans. (4) P.B. Shelley

"A Defence of Poetry" is an unfinished essay by Percy Bysshe Shelley written in February and March 1821 that the poet put aside and never completed. The text was published posthumously in 1840 in Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments. Its final sentence expresses Shelley's famous proposition that "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world."

It was begun as a light-hearted reply to his friend Thomas Love Peacock’s magazine article ‘The Four Ages of Poetry’, which humorously argued that the best minds of the future must turn to economic and social sciences, rather than poetry. In vindicating the role of poetry in a progressive society, and defending the whole notion of imaginative literature and thinking (not just ‘poetry’) within an industrial culture, Shelley came to write his own poetic credo with passionate force and conviction.

79. The Pre-Raphaelite brothers' brought out a short-lived journal, an amalgam of prose, poetry and essays, called

(1) The House of Life

(2) The Earthly Paradise

(3) The Germ

(4)The News from Nowhere

Ans. (3) The Germ

The Germ/ Thoughts towards Nature in Poetry, Literature and Art A periodical of which the first issue appeared on 1 January 1850. Edited by W. M. Rossetti, it was the organ of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and ran for four issues, the last appearing on 30 April 1850; the last two were renamed Art and Poetry, Being Thoughts towards Nature. It contained work by

• D. G. Rossetti (including ‘The Blessed Damozel’ and ‘Hand and Soul’),

• Christina Rossetti,

• Coventry Patmore,

• Ford Madox Brown (1821–93),

• William Bell Scott, and others.

• It provided a brief but significant platform for the aims and ideals of the early years of the Brotherhood and was credited by W. M. Rossetti as the inspiration behind William Morris’s continuation of Pre-Raphaelite impetus in the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine (1856).

80. Fil in the blank with the correct option.

T.S. Eliot's play Murder in the Cathedral is a poetic drama in two parts with a ………………interlude:

(I) choric song

(2) deus ex machina

(3) visionary

(4)prose sermon

Ans. (4)prose sermon

Murder in the Cathedral is a verse drama by T. S. Eliot, first performed in 1935 (published the same year). The play portrays the assassination of Archbishop Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral during the reign of Henry II in 1170. Eliot drew heavily on the writing of Edward Grim, a clerk who was an eyewitness to the event. Some material that the producer asked Eliot to remove or replace during the writing was transformed into the poem "Burnt Norton".

The action occurs between 2 and 29 December 1170, chronicling the days leading up to the martyrdom of Thomas Becket following his absence of seven years in France. Becket's internal struggle is a central focus of the play.

The book is divided into two parts. Part one takes place in the Archbishop Thomas Becket's hall on 2 December 1170. The play begins with a Chorus singing, foreshadowing the coming violence. The Chorus is a key part of the drama, with its voice changing and developing during the play, offering comments about the action and providing a link between the audience and the characters and action, as in Greek drama.

The Interlude of the play is a sermon given by Becket on Christmas morning 1170. It is about the strange contradiction that Christmas is a day both of mourning and rejoicing, which Christians also do for martyrs. He announces at the end of his sermon, "it is possible that in a short time you may have yet another martyr". We see in the sermon something of Becket's ultimate peace of mind, as he elects not to seek sainthood, but to accept his death as inevitable and part of a better whole.

Poetic Plays by T S Eliot

• Sweeney Agonistes (published in 1926, first performed in 1934)

• The Rock (1934)

• Murder in the Cathedral (1935)

• The Family Reunion (1939)

• The Cocktail Party (1949)

• The Confidential Clerk (1953)

• The Elder Statesman (first performed in 1958, published in 1959)

81. Which the following novels is not written by H.G. Wells ?

(1) Ann Veronica

(2)The Shape of Things to Come

(3) The War of the Worlds

(4)The Longest Journey

Ans. (4)The Longest Journey

The Longest Journey is a bildungsroman by E. M. Forster, first published in 1907. It is the second of Forster's six published novels, following Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905) and preceding A Room with a View (1908) and Howards End (1910). It was Forster’s favorite among his own novels.

Herbert George Wells (1866 – 1946) was an English writer, prolific in many genres. Wells was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. He wrote more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories. His non-fiction output included works of social commentary, politics, history, popular science, satire, biography, and autobiography. Wells' science fiction novels are so well regarded that he has been called the "father of science fiction". The first, The Time Machine (1895), is a social allegory set in the year 802701, describing a society divided into two classes, the subterranean workers, called Morlocks, and the decadent Eloi. This was followed by The Wonderful Visit (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), The War of the Worlds (1898, a powerful and apocalyptic vision of the world invaded by Martians), When the Sleeper Wakes (1899), The First Men in the Moon (1901), Men Like Gods (1923), and others.

As a futurist, he wrote a number of utopian works and foresaw the advent of aircraft, tanks, space travel, nuclear weapons, satellite television and something resembling the World Wide Web. His science fiction imagined time travel, alien invasion, invisibility and biological engineering before these subjects were common in the genre. Brian Aldiss referred to Wells as the "Shakespeare of science fiction", while Charles Fort called him a "wild talent". Joseph Conrad to hailed him in 1898 with "O Realist of the Fantastic!".

Another group of novels evokes in comic and realistic style the lower-middle-class world of his youth. Love and Mr Lewisham (1900) tells the story of a struggling teacher; Kipps (1905) that of an aspiring draper’s assistant, undone by an unexpected inheritance and its consequences; The History of Mr Polly (1910) recounts the adventures of Alfred Polly, an inefficient shopkeeper who liberates himself by burning down his own shop and bolting for freedom, which he discovers as man-of-all-work at the Potwell Inn.

Among his other novels, Ann Veronica (1909) is a feminist tract about a girl who, fortified by the concept of the New Woman’, defies her father and conventional morality by running off with the man she loves. Tono-Bungay (1909), one of his most successful works (described by himself as ‘a social panorama in the vein of Balzac’), is a picture of English society in dissolution, and of the advent of a new class of rich, embodied in Uncle Ponderevo, an entrepreneur intent on peddling a worthless patent medicine. The Country of the Blind, and Other Stories (1911), his fifth collection of short stories, contains, as well as the well-known title story, originally published in 1904, the memorable ‘The Door in the Wall’ (originally published 1906). The New Machiavelli (1911), about a politician involved in sexual scandal, was seen to mark a decline in his creative power, evident in later novels, which include Mr Britling Sees it Through (1916) and The World of William Clissold (1926). He continued to reach a huge audience, however, notably with his massive The Outline of History (1920) and its shorter offspring A Short History of the World (1922), and with many works of scientific and political speculation (including The Shape of Things to Come, 1933) which confirmed his position as one of the great popularizers and one of the most influential voices of his age; the dark pessimism of his last prediction, Mind at the End of its Tether (1945), may be seen in the context of his own ill health and the course of the Second World War. One of his last statements (made after Hiroshima) was an exhortation to man to confront his ‘grave and tragic’ destiny with dignity and without hysteria. His Experiment in Autobiography (1934) is a striking portrait of himself.

82. The Celtic Twilight' is an essay written by

(1) W.B. Yeats

(2) G. Wilson Knight

(3,) Cleanth Brooks

(4)T.S. Eliot

Ans. (1) W.B. Yeats

The Celtic Twilight (1893), a volume of essays, was Yeats’s first effort toward this end, but progress was slow until 1898, when he met Augusta Lady Gregory, an aristocrat who was to become a playwright and his close friend. She was already collecting old stories, the lore of the west of Ireland. Yeats found that this lore chimed with his feeling for ancient ritual, for pagan beliefs never entirely destroyed by Christianity. He felt that if he could treat it in a strict and high style, he would create a genuine poetry while, in personal terms, moving toward his own identity. From 1898, Yeats spent his summers at Lady Gregory’s home, Coole Park, County Galway, and he eventually purchased a ruined Norman castle called Thoor Ballylee in the neighbourhood.

83. Which one of the following is a prime Bloomsbury' text written by Lytton Strachey?

(1) A Room of One's Own

(2) Eminent Victorians

(3) Vision and Design

(4) Remembrance of Things Past

Ans. (2) Eminent Victorians

A biographical work by Lytton Strachey published in 1918. This group biography, with chapters on Cardinal Henry Manning (1808 92), Florence Nightingale, Dr Thomas Arnold of Rugby School, and General Charles Gordon (1833–85), is also a critique of the Victorian age.

Strachey’s irreverent approach to his subjects is intended to mark his separation from his Victorian predecessors, who are characterized as pompous and evangelical. His attention to style and the construction of a well‐paced narrative—which are more important to him than accurate research—also established a new form of biography.

His approach to biography is radically anti‐heroic, seeing his subjects as locked within the assumptions and limitations of their age

84. "My youth, my hope, my art, being all toned down

To yonder sober pleasant Fiesole." --Andrea Del Sarto "Fiesole" is -

(1)a Church

(2) a town

(3)an art museum

(4) a Citadel

Ans. (2) a town

"Andrea del Sarto" (also called "The Faultless Painter") is a poem by Robert Browning (1812–1889) published in his 1855 poetry collection, Men and Women. It is a dramatic monologue, a form of poetry for which he is famous, about the Italian painter Andrea del Sarto. "Andrea del Sarto" is one of Browning's dramatic monologues that shows that Browning is trying to create art that allows for the body and the soul to both be portrayed rather than just the body or just the soul. The poem was inspired by Andrea del Sarto, originally named Andrea d'Agnolo, a renaissance artist. Del Sarto was revered for his art; some called him Andrea senza errori, the unerring. In his poem, Browning cedes the paintings are free of errors, but that alone does not make a piece of art special or evocative. The poem is based on biographical material by Giorgio Vasari. It explores aestheticism and human reciprocity, and as a result is written in near perfect iambic pentameter. Browning is considered one of the foremost innovators of the dramatic monologue, though he was little known by contemporary Victorians.

Beginning:

But do not let us quarrel any more,

No, my Lucrezia; bear with me for once:

Sit down and all shall happen as you wish.

You turn your face, but does it bring your heart?

I'll work then for your friend's friend, never fear,

Treat his own subject after his own way,

Fix his own time, accept too his own price,

And shut the money into this small hand

End:

In heaven, perhaps, new chances, one more chance—

Four great walls in the New Jerusalem,

Meted on each side by the angel's reed,

For Leonard, Rafael, Agnolo and me

To cover—the three first without a wife,

While I have mine! So—still they overcome

Because there's still Lucrezia,—as I choose.

Again the Cousin's whistle! Go, my Love.

Your soft hand is a woman of itself,
And mine the man's bared breast she curls inside.[13]

— Lines 21-22

But had you—oh, with the same perfect brow,
And perfect eyes, and more than perfect mouth,
And the low voice my soul hears, as a bird[14]

— Lines 122-124

85. Which among the following is a journal co-edited by F.R. Leavis ?

(1)Revaluations

(2) Scrutiny

(3) The Common Pursuit

(4) The Living Principle

Ans. (2) Scrutiny

Scrutiny A quarterly periodical of literary criticism which ran for 19 volumes, 1932–53, edited for most of this period by L. C. Knights, D. W. Harding, and F. R. Leavis, the latter being the dominant critical voice and the most regular reviewer. The editorial business was carried out from his and his wife Q. D. Leavis’s home in Cambridge.

It became an important vehicle for the views of the new Cambridge school of criticism, and published many seminal essays, particularly in the pre-war years, on Shakespeare, Marvell, and the traditions of the English novel. The major works of F. R. Leavis himself in this period—Revaluation (1936), The Great Tradition (1948), and The Common Pursuit (1952)—were based upon articles that had appeared in Scrutiny.

Its critical strictures proved notoriously destructive when applied to contemporary writing: it mauled Graham Greene and Dylan Thomas, dismissed Ernest Hemingway as second-rate, derided much of Virginia Woolf’s writing (describing Between the Acts as a work of ‘extraordinary vacancy and pointlessness’), and repeatedly lamented the aridity of T. S. Eliot’s later work and the ‘immaturity’ of Auden’s. The journal’s stance was one of embattled rearguard defence of standards against a general cultural debasement abetted by the ‘London literary establishment’ comprising the BBC, the Times Literary Supplement, the British Council, and reviewers influenced by the Bloomsbury Group.

86. Who among the New Critics identified seven different types of C verbal difficulty in poetry which F.R. Leavis found disturbing and equated poetry with Mathematics?

(1) Rene Wellek

(2) Northrop Fry

(3) William Empson

(4) LC. Knights

Ans. (3) William Empson

Seven Types of Ambiguity is a work of literary criticism by William Empson which was first published in 1930. It was one of the most influential critical works of the 20th century and was a key foundation work in the formation of the New Criticism school. The book is organized around seven types of ambiguity that Empson finds in the poetry he discusses. In Seven Types of Ambiguity Empson sought to enhance the reader’s understanding of a poem by isolating the linguistic properties of the text. He suggested that words or references in poems are often ambiguous and, if presented coherently, carry multiple meanings that can enrich the reader’s appreciation of the work. He argued that the complexities of cognitive and tonal meanings in poetry form the basis of the reader’s emotional response.

87. Which of the following books is written by Northrop Frye?

(1) A Map of Misreading

(2) Fearful Symmetry : A Study of William Blake

(3) The Anxiety of Influence

(4) The Awkward age

Ans. (2) Fearful Symmetry : A Study of William Blake

Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake is a 1947 book by Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye whose subject is the work of English poet and visual artist William Blake. The book has been hailed as one of the most important contributions to the study of William Blake and one of the first that embarked on the interpretation of many of Blake's most obscure works. As Frye himself acknowledges, Blake's work is not to be deciphered but interpreted and seen within its specific historical and social contexts.

Frye’s lasting reputation rests principally on the theory of literary criticism that he developed in Anatomy of Criticism (1957), one of the most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century. The American critic Harold Bloom commented at the time of its publication that Anatomy established Frye as "the foremost living student of Western literature." Frye's contributions to cultural and social criticism spanned a long career during which he earned widespread recognition and received many honours.

Frye rose to international prominence as a result of his first book, Fearful Symmetry, published in 1947. Until then, the prophetic poetry of William Blake had long been poorly understood, and considered by some to be delusional ramblings. Frye found in it a system of metaphor derived from Paradise Lost and the Bible. His study of Blake's poetry was a major contribution to the subject. Moreover, Frye outlined an innovative manner of studying literature that was to deeply influence the study of literature in general. He was a major influence on Harold Bloom, Margaret Atwood, and others.

Inspired by his work on Blake, Frye developed and articulated his unified theory ten years after Fearful Symmetry, in the Anatomy of Criticism (1957). He described this as an attempt at a "synoptic view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism" (Anatomy 3). He asked, "what if criticism is a science as well as an art?" , Thus, Frye launched the pursuit which was to occupy the rest of his career—that of establishing criticism as a "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite as systematically and efficiently as the sciences train the reason"

88. "He would give students poems in which the titles and the authors' names had been removed and then use their responses for further development of their "close reading" skills",

Which of the following critics is best known for advancing the close reading of literature on the above model?

(1) IA. Richards

(2) Northrop Frye

(3) William Empson

(4) John Crowe Ransom

Ans. (1) IA. Richards

Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893 – 1979), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, poet, and rhetorician. His work contributed to the foundations of New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained and self-referential æsthetic object.

Practical Criticism (1929), is an empirical study of inferior response to a literary text. As an instructor in English literature at Cambridge University, Richards tested the critical-thinking abilities of his pupils; he removed authorial and contextual information from thirteen poems and asked undergraduates to write interpretations, in order to ascertain the likely impediments to an adequate response to a literary text. That experiment in the pedagogical approach—critical reading without contexts—demonstrated the variety and depth of the possible textual misreadings that might be committed, by university students and laymen alike.

The critical method derived from that pedagogical approach did not propose a new hermeneutics, a new methodology of interpretation, but questioned the purposes and efficacy of the critical process of literary interpretation, by analysing the self-reported critical interpretations of university students. To that end, effective critical work required a closer aesthetic interpretation of the literary text as an object.

To substantiate interpretive criticism, Richards provided theories of metaphor, value, and tone, of stock response, incipient action, and pseudo-statement; and of ambiguity.

89. "We too had many pretty toys when young:

A law indifferent to blame or praise

To bribe or threat; habits that made old wrong

Melt down, as it were wax in the sun's rays."

In which poem, written by W.B. Yeats, do the above lines occur?

(1) "The Second Coming”

(2) "Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen"

(3) "Sailing to Byzantium".

(4) September 1913".

Ans. (2) "Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen"

‘Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen’ by W.B. Yeats is one of the best political poems that first appeared in the journals in 1921, both in Ireland and England. Later, it was published in his collection The Tower in 1928 along with “Sailing to Byzantium,” “The Tower,” “Meditations in Time of Civil War” and other poems. The poem paints the picture of the Irish Civil War which took place during the twentieth century with painfully mixed feelings about the war. Yeats has chosen the title aptly to substantiate his view, for it is the year in which the Anglo-Irish War began.

Beginning:

MANY ingenious lovely things are gone
That seemed sheer miracle to the multitude,
protected from the circle of the moon
That pitches common things about.  There stood
Amid the ornamental bronze and stone
An ancient image made of olive wood —
And gone are phidias' famous ivories
And all the golden grasshoppers and bees.
We too had many pretty toys when young:
A law indifferent to blame or praise,
To bribe or threat; habits that made old wrong
Melt down, as it were wax in the sun's rays;
Public opinion ripening for so long
We thought it would outlive all future days.
O what fine thought we had because we thought
That the worst rogues and rascals had died out.

The poem, ‘Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen’ is about the subject of the temporariness of the world, war, violence, and politics depicted in the tone of idealism, frustration, pessimism, and lamentation. It speaks of how the most intelligent and beautiful things have gone from this world while war and violence are still constant in this world. Further, Yeats openly mocks at the great people, the wise, the good, and the mockers as well, who can never prevent negative things from happening in the world. Further, it gives a comprehensive image of violence that prevails in the world.

90. Who is the pioneer of the decontextualized approach to literature which became the norm as practical criticism?

(1) William Empson

(2) Cleanth Brooks

(3) Allen Tate

(4) I.A. Richards

Ans. (4) I.A. Richards

91. Jacques Derrida's late 1960 essay ………………….. may be taken as the starting point of post-structuralism.

(1)For What Tomorrow : A Dialogue

(2) 'Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of Human Sciences

(3) "Force of Law'

(4) "Signature Event Context"

Ans. (2) 'Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of Human Sciences

"Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences" was a lecture presented at Johns Hopkins University on 21 October 1966 by philosopher Jacques Derrida. The lecture was then published in 1967 as chapter ten of Writing and Difference (French: L'écriture et la différence). Although presented at a conference intended to popularize structuralism, the lecture is widely cited as the starting point for post-structuralism in the United States.

92. There is nothing outside of the text'. In which work of his does Jacques Derrida make this bold statement.

(1) Of Grammatology

(2) Speech and Phenomena

(3) Writing and Difference

(4) Aporias

Ans. (1) Of Grammatology

Derrida’s most famous quotation is – Il n’y a pas de hors-texte. This is often translated as “There is nothing outside the text.” This assertion, primarily found in Of Grammatology. This idea is misrepresented as all ideas are contained in language and that you cannot go outside the language. Derrida was not saying this. A better translation is – There is no outside-text. Here the outside-text refers to an inset in a book, something that is provided in a book as a supplement to provide clarity. We can see this as an outside authority trying to shed light on the book. Derrida is saying that there is no such thing. The meaning is not fixed, and what is presented as a closed system is actually an open system. We have to understand the historicity and context of the text to gain better understanding. Derrida is inviting us to feel the texture of text. In essence, Derrida's "there is no outside-text" challenges the idea of a stable, objective reality that exists independently of language and interpretation.

93. “The Signifier should be set free of the signified". Who gave this dictum ?

(1) Derrida

(2) Lacan

(3) Herold Bloom

(4) Hillis Miller

Ans. (2) Lacan

Jacques Lacan presented formulas for the ideas of the signified and the signifier in his texts and seminars, specifically repurposing Freud's ideas to describe the roles that the signified and the signifier serve as follows:

There is a 'barrier' of repression between Signifiers (the unconscious mind: 'discourse of the Other') and the signified a 'chain' of signifiers is analogous to the 'rings of a necklace that is a ring in another necklace made of rings' 'The signifier is that which represents a subject (fantasy-construct) for another signifier'.

— Lacan, paraphrased

94. "Uncertainty or the overlap of meanings in the use of a word could be an enrichment of poetry rather than a fault".

The above thesis is propounded with examples in one of the following books. Choose the correct option :

(1) Seven types of Ambiguity

(2) Practical Criticism

(3) Principles of literary criticism

(4) The Meaning of Meaning

Ans. (1) Seven types of Ambiguity

Seven Types of Ambiguity, critical work by William Empson, published in 1930 and revised in 1947 and 1953. The book was influential as one of the foundations of the school of literary theory known as New Criticism.

In Seven Types of Ambiguity Empson sought to enhance the reader’s understanding of a poem by isolating the linguistic properties of the text. He suggested that words or references in poems are often ambiguous and, if presented coherently, carry multiple meanings that can enrich the reader’s appreciation of the work. He argued that the complexities of cognitive and tonal meanings in poetry form the basis of the reader’s emotional response.

95. Who among the following is not a de constructionist ?

(1) Paul de Man

(2) Hillis Miller

(3) Harold Bloom

(4)John Goode

Ans. (4)John Goode

Paul de Man (1919 – 1983), born Paul Adolph Michel Deman, was a Belgian-born American literary critic and literary theorist. He was known particularly for his importation of German and French philosophical approaches into Anglo-American literary studies and critical theory. Along with Jacques Derrida, he was part of an influential critical movement that went beyond traditional interpretation of literary texts to reflect on the epistemological difficulties inherent in any textual, literary, or critical activity.He joined the faculty in French and Comparative Literature at Yale University, where he was considered part of the Yale School of Deconstruction. At the time of his death from cancer, he was Sterling Professor of the Humanities and chairman of the Department of Comparative Literature at Yale. De Man oversaw the dissertations of Gayatri Spivak (at Cornell), Barbara Johnson (at Yale), Samuel Weber (at Cornell), and many other noted scholars.

Joseph Hillis Miller Jr. (1928 – 2021) was an American literary critic and scholar who advanced theories of literary deconstruction. He was part of the Yale School along with scholars including Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida, and Geoffrey Hartman, who advocated deconstruction as an analytical means by which the relationship between literary text and the associated meaning could be analyzed

Harold Bloom (1930 – 2019) was an American literary critic and the Sterling Professor of humanities at Yale University In 2017, Bloom was called "probably the most famous literary critic in the English-speaking world". Observers often identified Bloom with deconstruction, but he never admitted to sharing more than a few ideas with deconstructionists. He told Robert Moynihan in 1983, "What I think I have in common with the school of deconstruction is the mode of negative thinking or negative awareness, in the technical, philosophical sense of the negative, but which comes to me through negative theology ... There is no escape, there is simply the given, and there is nothing that we can do."

96. A seminal structuralist text by Roland Barthes is titled …………………

(1) Structuralism and Semiotics

(2) Structuralist Poetics

(3) S/Z

(4) Structuralism in Literature

Ans. (3) S/Z

S/Z, published in 1970, is Roland Barthes' structural analysis of "Sarrasine", the short story by Honoré de Balzac. Barthes methodically moves through the text of the story, denoting where and how different codes of meaning function. Barthes' study had a major impact on literary criticism and is historically located at the crossroads of structuralism and post-structuralism. Barthes employs five specific "codes" that thematically, semiotically/ semiologically, and otherwise make a literary text reflect structures that are interwoven, but not in a definite way that closes the meaning of the text.

97. Choose the odd one out for the traits of Post-modernism.

(1) Fragmentary sensations

(2) Electic nostalgia

(3) Promiscuous superficiality

(4) Coherence and originality

Ans. (4) Coherence and originality

Post-modernism has been identified with parody, pastiche, scepticism, irony, fatalism, the mixing of ‘high’ and ‘low’ cultural allusions, and an indifference to the redemptive mission of Art as conceived by the modernist pioneers. Postmodernism thus favours random play rather than purposeful action, surface rather than depth, inconclusiveness rather than ‘closure’. The kinds of literary work that have been described as postmodernist include the Theatre of the Absurd and the poetry of, among others, John Ashbery and Paul Muldoon. Most commonly, though, it is prose fiction that is held to exemplify the postmodernist mood or style, notably in works by American novelists such as Vladimir Nabokov, John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, and Paul Auster, and by the British authors John Fowles, Angela Carter, Julian Barnes, Peter Ackroyd, Salman Rushdie, and Jeanette Winterson.

98. Who is believed to have founded the 'imagism' movement ?

(1) T.S. Eliot

(2) W.H.Auden

(3) Ezra Pound

(4) W.B. Yeats

Ans. (3) Ezra Pound

A movement of English and American poets, which flourished from around 1910 to 1917, and derived in part from the aesthetic philosophy of T. E. Hulme. Its first anthology, Des imagistes (1914), edited by Ezra Pound, had eleven contributors, including

• Richard Aldington,

• Hilda Doolittle (known as ‘H.D.’),

• Ford Madox Ford,

• Amy Lowell,

• James Joyce,

• Pound, and

• William Carlos Williams.

• Some of D. H. Lawrence’s poems of this period may also be described as imagist.

  They tend to be short, often close to Japanese forms, composed of short lines of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity, avoiding abstraction and treating the image with a hard, clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent (Pound said that ‘the natural object is always the adequate symbol’). Amy Lowell succeeded Pound as spokesperson of the group, and was responsible for several imagist anthologies.

99. Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of representation in Modernist Literature

(1) Theatre of the Absurd

(2) Stream of Consciousness

(3) Surrealism

(4)Naturalism

Ans. (4)Naturalism

Naturalism was an international movement in prose fiction that flourished during the late19th century and the early years of the 20th; it achieved some influence also on the drama of the period. It developed the existing tradition of realism in the direction of fully documented accuracy of representation of social and economic circumstances, with additional deterministic emphases on the supposed scientific ‘laws’ of human behaviour, understood to be governed by heredity and economic necessity. Notable novels of Naturalism are George Moore’s Esther Waters (1894), Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure (1895), Somerset Maugham’s Liza of Lambeth (1897), Frank Norris’s McTeague (1899), Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1900), and Arnold Bennett’s Anna of the Five Towns (1902). It was not part of Modernism. It developed independently.

100. Jean Baudrillard a prominent theorist of postmodernism introduces the term ………………… to show the process of how a sign gets deconstructed.

(1) surveillance

(2) simulacrum

(3) aporia

(4) panoptican

Ans. (2) simulacrum

Simulacra and Simulation is a 1981 philosophical treatise by the philosopher and cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard, in which he seeks to examine the relationships between reality, symbols, and society, in particular the significations and symbolism of culture and media involved in constructing an understanding of shared existence.

French semiotician and social theorist Jean Baudrillard argues in Simulacra and Simulation that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. According to Baudrillard, what the simulacrum copies either had no original or no longer has an original, since a simulacrum signifies something it is not, and therefore leaves the original unable to be located

101. "A little formalism turns one away from history, but …………….. a lot brings one back.”

The above extract about structuralist analysis of narrative is taken from -

(1)C. Levi Strauss's Structural Anthropology

(2) Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics

(3) Pierre Macherey's A Theory of Literary Production

(4)Ronald Barthe's Mythologies

Ans.(4)Ronald Barthe's Mythologies

The phrase "A little formalism turns one away from history, but a lot brings one back," is a well-known quote by Roland Barthes. It suggests that while a superficial or overly rigid focus on form can distract from historical context, a deeper and more thorough engagement with form can actually lead one to a more profound understanding of history. 

102. Which of the following statement about Post-modernism is correct ?

For all its emphasis on difference, post-modern theory has ignored:

(1) the work of Black writers and intellectuals.

(2) the work of feminist writers and intellectuals,

(3) the work of Marxist writers and intellectuals.

(4) the work of psychoanalytic writers and intellectuals.

Ans. (1) the work of Black writers and intellectuals.

Bell hooks is a female American writer, professor, feminist, and social activist who deals with feminism and representation of otherness as a way to express experience. Her feminist theory is centered around ending patriarchal oppression but is also centered around the diversity of experiences by diverse women. This theme makes itself prominent in her chapter titled “Postmodern Blackness”. The chapter explores how postmodernism, a movement that is meant to be representative of otherness and difference, excluded the Black experience. hooks is trying to bring to light the way that postmodernism, in a contradictory way to what it is meant to be doing, excludes Black experiences and voices. hooks states that the entire theory itself is dominated by white male academics who seem to speak a common “coded” language and writes about the irony of how this theory, that is meant to support and encourage heterogeneity (or diversity), is only being made for and read by an exclusive intellectual audience. Its exclusiveness seems almost counter-intuitive of what postmodernism’s goals are. hooks says that to break this, we need to look not only at the writing structure but also the content of postmodernist writing amongst Black intellectuals

103. The preface of Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth which deals with the Psychosocial repercussions of colonialism is written by :

(1) Jean Paul Sartre

(2) James Fenton

(3) Julian Barnes

(4) Salman Rushdie

Ans. (1) Jean Paul Sartre

The Wretched of the Earth is a 1961 book by the philosopher Frantz Fanon, in which the author provides a psychoanalysis of the dehumanizing effects of colonization upon the individual and the nation, and discusses the broader social, cultural, and political implications of establishing a social movement for the decolonisation of a person and of a people. The French-language title derives from the opening lyrics of "The Internationale", which is reflected in the English title as well.

In his preface to the 1961 edition of The Wretched of the Earth, Jean-Paul Sartre supported Frantz Fanon's advocacy of violence by the colonized people against the colonizer, as necessary for their mental health and political liberation; Sartre later applied that introduction in Colonialism and Neocolonialism (1964), a politico–philosophic critique of France's Algerian colonialism. The political focus derives from the first chapter of the book, "On Violence", wherein Fanon indicts colonialism and its postcolonial legacies, for which violence is a means of catharsis and liberation from being a colonial subject.

104. Orientalism is a style of thought based upon ontological epistemological an distinction made and between Occident." the Orient and the Who has defined orientalism in the above words ?

(1) Gayatri Bhabha

(2) Homi K Spivak

(3) Edward Said

(4) Aizaz Ahmed

Ans.(3) Edward Said

Orientalism is a 1978 book by Edward Said, in which he establishes the term "Orientalism" as a critical concept to describe the Western world's commonly contemptuous depiction and portrayal of the Eastern world—that is, the Orient.

Edward Said's Orientalism, the terms "Orient" and "Occident" are central to his analysis of how the West views and constructs the East. Orientalism refers to a Western style of thought that creates a simplified and often negative image of the East (the Orient) as the "other" to the West (the Occident). This construction serves to reinforce Western identity and power structures.  Orient and Occident: These terms, derived from Latin, refer to the East and the West, respectively. 

105. Which one of the following books was NOT elemental in the emergence of Postcolonial criticism ?

(1) In Other Worlds

(2) The Empire Writes Back

(3) Against Interpretation

(4) Nation and Narration

Ans. (3) Against Interpretation

Against Interpretation (often published as Against Interpretation and Other Essays) is a 1966 collection of essays by Susan Sontag. It includes some of Sontag's best-known works, including "Notes on 'Camp'", "On Style" and the eponymous essay "Against Interpretation." It has nothing to do with Postcolonial criticism. In the latter, Sontag argues that the new approach to criticism and aesthetics neglects the sensuous impact and novelty of art, instead fitting works into predetermined intellectual interpretations and emphasis on the "content" or "meaning" of a work. "Against Interpretation" is Sontag's influential essay in Against Interpretation and Other Essays, which discusses the divisions between two different kinds of art criticism and theory: formalist interpretation and content-based interpretation. Sontag is strongly averse to what she considers to be contemporary interpretation, that is, an overabundance of importance placed upon the content or meaning of an artwork rather than being keenly alert to the sensuous aspects of a given work and developing a descriptive vocabulary for how it appears and how it does whatever it does.

106. The two distinctive features that characterize Post-structuralism are :

(1)Symmetry and patterning

(2)Pastiche and parody

(3)Balances and repetitions

(4) Reflections and repetitions

Ans. (2)Pastiche and parody

Post-structuralism, pastiche, and parody are interconnected concepts, with pastiche and parody often employed as tools within a post-structuralist framework. Post-structuralism critiques the idea of fixed meaning and stable structures, emphasizing the instability of language and the constructed nature of reality. Pastiche and parody, in this context, are used to deconstruct established norms and challenge fixed interpretations by blending different styles and mocking pre-existing works. 

Pastiche:

In post-structuralist theory, pastiche refers to the imitation or blending of different styles and genres, often without any satirical intent. It's a way of acknowledging the constructed nature of artistic styles and challenging the notion of originality by mixing them together. For example, Madonna's work has been analyzed as embodying pastiche due to her mixing of different cultural references and styles. 

Parody:

• Parody, in contrast to pastiche, involves imitation with the aim of mockery or humorous commentary. It often exaggerates or distorts elements of the original work to expose its flaws or inconsistencies. Post-structuralists might use parody to critique power structures or dominant ideologies by highlighting their inherent contradictions

107. Who has written Naipaul's India and Mine in response to Naipaul's An Area of Darkness?

(1) Amitav Ghosh

(2) Bipin Chandra

(3) Nissim Ezekiel

(4) Salman Rushdie

Ans. (3) Nissim Ezekiel

An Area of Darkness is a book written by V. S. Naipaul in 1964. It is a travelogue detailing Naipaul's trip through India in the early sixties. It was the first of Naipaul's acclaimed Indian trilogy that includes India: A Wounded Civilization (1977) and India: A Million Mutinies Now (1990). The narration is anecdotal and descriptive. Widely considered a passionate but pessimistic work, An Area of Darkness conveys the sense of disillusionment which the author experiences on his first visit to India in the sixties, marked with poverty and corruption. The book was banned in India for its "negative portrayal of India and its people" In response, Nissim Ezekiel wrote "Naipaul's India and Mine," arguing that Naipaul's critique stemmed from his own sense of alienation and detachment from India rather than a deep understanding of the country

108. Who among the following is NOT a Diaspora critic?

(1) Robert Cohen

(2) Sudesh Mishra

(3 Paul Gilroy

(4) Toril Moi

Ans. (4) Toril Moi

Toril Moi (born 1953 in Farsund, Norway) is James B. Duke Professor of Literature and Romance Studies and Professor of English, Philosophy and Theatre Studies at Duke University. Moi made her name with Sexual/Textual Politics (1986), a survey of second-wave feminism in which she contrasted the more empirical Anglo-American school of writings, such as gynocriticism, with the more theoretical French proponents of Ecriture feminine. She is not related to diasporic criticism.

109. Arrange the following feminist texts chronologically:

A. Elaine Showalter : A Literature of Their Own

B. John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women

C. Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women

D. Simone de Beauvoir : The Second Sex

(1) ABCD

(2) CBAD

(3) CBDA

(4) DABC

Ans. (3) CBDA

A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

The Subjection of Women (1869)

The Second Sex (1949)

A Literature of Their Own (1977)

110. Match the following key Postcolonial Texts(A) with their Authors (B):

A B

(i) The Wretched of the Earth (A) Aime Cesaire

(ii) Orientalism (B) Homi Bhabha

(iii) The Location of Culture (C) Edward Said

(iv) Return to My Native Land (D)Frantz Fanon

Codes: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(1) d c b a

(2) b b c b

(3) a a a c

(4) c d d d

The Wretched of the Earth 1961 by Frantz Fanon

Orientalism 1978 by Edward Said

The Location of Culture 1994 by Homi Bhabha

Return to My Native Land 1939 Aime Cesaire

Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (first published in French in 1939, with two revised editions in 1947 and a final edition in 1956), variously translated as Notebook of a Return to My Native Land, Return to My Native Land, or Journal of a Homecoming, is a book-length poem by Martinican writer Aimé Césaire, considered his masterwork, that mixes poetry and prose to express his thoughts on the cultural identity of black Africans in a colonial setting.